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What is the code rate? Part 3

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What is the code rate? Part 3

code rate

Video imaging methods are mainly divided into two types: interlaced scan and progressive scan.

code rate

In plain and simple terms, an image (a frame) is made up of lines made up of hundreds of rows of pixels.

Interlacing means that only half of the lines are displayed on one screen at a time, and is made up of odd or even lines, displayed alternately with each other. It is commonly said “i”.

Originally, the image the TV would transmit per second was set to 50 frames per second. Think that the image does not flash in our eyes. However, according to the technology at the time, it was difficult to achieve 50 frames per second of TV transmission. Scientists used the persistence of human vision to invent interlaced transmission.

Interleaving is a technology developed to transmit television signals using limited bandwidth. In an interlaced system, only half the number of horizontal lines per video frame is transmitted at a time. The viewer can perceive each frame at full resolution due to transfer speed, display persistence, and persistence of vision. All analog TV standards use interlace technology. Digital television standards include interlaced and non-interlaced technologies.

(The above is official Adobe content)

We all use no field (line by line) now

video ratio

Video ratio refers to the ratio of the length to width of the video screen played by the video player. The ratio between the length and width of the CRT television used in ordinary homes is 4:3, that is, the video ratio is 4:3. The high-definition screen video ratio (TV and mobile) that is currently being developed is 16:9. The current full screen mobile phone is 17: 9

Due to the development and application of various screens, video production is also relatively informal, and will be adjusted according to the requirements of Part A, such as large conference screens and advertising screens.

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What is the code rate? Part 2

Code Rate

Generally speaking, there are only a few common frame numbers that we use to make videos: 24 frames, 25 frames, 29.97 frames, and 30 frames.

code rate

Different areas and different uses require different frames.

Frames per second

Frame rate is also known as the abbreviation FPS (Frames PerSecond): frames per second. It refers to the number of image frames that are updated per second, which can also be understood as the graphics processor can update multiple times per second. The more frames per second (FPS), the smoother the motion is displayed. When capturing dynamic video content, the higher the number, the better.

If the frame rate exceeds the refresh rate of the screen, it only wastes graphics processing power, because the monitor cannot refresh as fast, so the frame rate that exceeds the refresh rate is wasted.

For games, in general, first person shooters pay more attention to the FPS level, if FPS is <30, the game will seem inconsistent. So, there is an interesting saying: “FPS (referring to FPS games) focuses on FPS (referring to frame rate).

The frame rate is not as high as possible. Most common mobile phone recording frame rates on the market are 30fps, TV 25/30 (common use) 50/60fps, etc. (sports shots), high-speed cameras 120/240 fps (slow motion)

iphone7 camera parameters

Resolution

Resolution, also known as resolution and resolution, can be classified into two directions: screen resolution and image resolution.

Screen resolution (screen resolution) is the accuracy of the screen image and refers to how many pixels a monitor can display.

What is the code rate?

What is the bit rate for? What is frame rate? What is the resolution?

Students often ask, what is the code rate? What is the bit rate for? What is frame rate? What is the resolution?

This problem of not being able to speak clearly, listening and not understanding has worried many beginners.

Today Ben Shuai specially came to solve these professional terms for you.

frame

In the video, do you know what the unit less than a second is?

That’s right, it’s what I’m going to talk about today: “framework”!

Frame: It is the smallest unit in video animation and countless frames constitute seconds.

Simply put, one frame equals one image, and a second is made up of a certain frame, that is, a certain number of images!

Play the images continuously and you will see dynamic images under the influence of the visual residue produced by your eyes.

The more frames per second, the smoother and more realistic the images we see!

We also call the number of frames in 1 second the number of frames, usually expressed in fps (FramesPer Second).

Bitrate Part 2

bitrate

The amount of information transmitted through the channel per unit of time is called the bit rate, and the unit is bits per second (bit/s), called the bit rate.

BITRATE

Bitrate is often used in communications as a synonym for connection speed, transmission speed, channel capacity, peak throughput, and digital bandwidth capacity. The higher the bit rate, the higher the data transfer. Bit rate in video refers to the sampling rate at which an analog signal is converted to a digital signal [4] . Video file quality is often measured in terms of bitrate. [4] .
Distinction of conceptedit transmission
Baud rate is also known as waveform rate or modulation rate. The code for a data unit is represented by a finite combination of numbers, each of which is a symbol (or code point). In electrical communication, an electrical waveform is often used to represent one or more symbols. Waveforms with different characteristics may represent different symbol values or symbol combination values, and the duration of the waveform corresponds to the duration of the symbol or symbol combination it represents. Obviously, the shorter the duration of an electrical waveform, the more waveforms are transmitted in a unit of time, or the more data is transmitted, that is, the higher the data rate. Therefore, we can define the baud rate as follows: In the process of data transmission, the number of waveforms transmitted per unit time on the line is the baud rate, and its unit is “baud” [5] .
“Bit rate” and “baud rate” are speed units defined in two different concepts, and it is often easy to confuse them when you are not careful. When binary waveform is used, baud rate and bit rate have the same value, but their meanings are different [5] .
Difference: Both bit rate and baud rate are units that measure the transmission rate of a modem. In data transmission, data information is represented by binary numbers “0” and “1”, and each binary number is called 1 bit. The number of bits transmitted through the channel per unit of time is called the bit rate, expressed in bits per second, usually abbreviated as bit/s. The number of symbols transmitted through the channel per unit of time is called the baud rate, also called the modulation rate. Bit rate and baud rate are consistent only when modulated with two values. For example, in quadrature modulation, every two bits of the data signal form a symbol, and there are 4 values: 00, 01, 10 and 11, which represent the phase changes of the 4 types of carrier signals respectively, for Therefore, send such a symbol. It is equivalent to transmitting two bits of data, and the baud rate is equivalent to half the bit rate. The usual transmission rates of 300, 600, 1200 and 9600, etc., refer to the baud rate, which indicates that the number of binary numbers transmitted per unit of time is 300, 600, 1200 and 9600 [6] .

Bit rate

Bit rate refers to the number of bits (bit) transmitted per unit of time, in bps (bit per second).

Bit rate is also known as “binary bit rate”, commonly known as “code rate”. Indicates the number of bits transmitted per unit of time. It is used to measure the transmission speed of digital information, often written as bit/sec. According to the number of bits occupied by each image storage frame and the transmission bit rate, the digital image information transmission speed can be calculated [1].
In modern digital communication, the transmission volume of digitized video and other information is large, so it is often measured in kilobits per second or megabits per second, which are written as kbit/sec (or kbps) and Mbit/sec. (or Mbps respectively). ). For example, the amount of information digitized from an ordinary color TV signal can reach 216 Mbit/sec. A good digital broadcast channel can transmit dozens of color TV programs, and its capacity can reach several gigabits or gigabits per second (written as Gbit/sec or Gbps) [1] .
Bitrate is often used to measure the quality of video files.
Bitrate is often used to measure the quality of video files.
flexibility edit stream
Because each network is unique and each access line has different conditions (such as length, attenuation, crosstalk environment, etc.), access lines from different telephone companies must support different data rates. For ADSL and VDSL modems, it is best to set the data rate to one of many possible data rates. For example, DMT-based ADSL and VDSL can theoretically change the tariff at fine intervals, and CAP-based RADSL (Rate Adaptive ADSL) also provides some flexibility in tariff configuration [2].
However, telephone companies may want to limit xDSL service to a small set of rates sufficient to provide a variety of services. If a limited set of tariffs can be adapted to a wide range of services, then the management of the services in this case is simpler than in the case of variable tariffs. Telephone companies want the choice of modem speed to be under the control of the network, not the user [2] .
In this mode, the selection of the transmission rate set of the xDSL network must be prudent. In this case, there is a possibility that two adjacent systems receive traffic at very different rates and the system must be able to handle such a situation. The other model, the “best match” approach using adaptive rate ADSL (similar to a voiceband modem), is more beneficial to new network operators and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) [2] .
Transmission control method
Most bit rate control schemes consist of two parts. Part of the encoded bit stream output by the encoder is fed into a buffer. For a constant bitrate channel, the data in the buffer is fetched at a constant rate, and if the buffer is large enough, the bitrate variation caused by the MPEG picture type, etc. can be smoothed out. This is necessary for both constant bit rate transmission and variable bit rate transmission in general. However, in practice, the buffer size is always limited. The buffering process will bring a delay to the system, and this delay is proportional to the size of the buffer. Latency is often a serious issue for real-time image communication, so buffers should be kept as small as possible. That is, long-term fluctuations in bitrate due to changes in scene content or changes, etc. they cannot be softened in this way, so another part is needed. This is to send some measure of the output bitrate to the encoder to control the encoding process, thus changing the output bitrate [3] .

What does MP3 bitrate mean?

Bit rate

The rate at which a digital channel transmits digital signals is called the data transfer rate or bit rate.
The word bitrate has many translations, such as bitrate, etc., which indicates how many bits per second the encoded (compressed) audio data should be represented, and a bit is the smallest binary unit, either 0 or 0. 1. The relationship between bitrate and audio and video compression is simply that the higher the bitrate, the better the quality of the audio and video, but the larger the encoded file; if the bitrate is lower, the situation is reversed.

For example: encode audio and video at 500 Kbps.
where bps are bits 1K = 1010 = 1024
b is little
s is the second
p is for (for)
Therefore, encoding at 500 kbps means that the encoded audio and video data must be represented at 500 K bits per second.
In the baseband transmission system, the bit rate is used to represent the code rate of transmitted information.
The bit rate Rb refers to the unit of time
The number of binary bits transmitted within the unit, the unit is b/s. For example, the transmission speed of a computer serial port is up to 115200b/s.
The symbol rate or baud rate Rs refers to the number of modulation symbols transmitted per unit of time, that is, ternary and ternary
The information transmission rate of the multivariate digital code stream in the

In M-ary modulation, the relationship between the bit rate Rb and the baud rate Rs is:
Rb=Rslog2M
The sampling rate refers to the ratio of the sampling samples to the total number of samples, and the sampling rate refers to the number of samples per unit of time. If it is an instrument, the sampling rate is 40MSa/s, which indicates that the number of samples per second is 40M, but it cannot be represented by 40MHz.

The process of converting analog audio to digital audio is called sampling. In a nutshell, how much data is needed to record a 1 second duration of sound via waveform sampling. A sound with a sample rate of 44 KHz requires 44,000 data points to describe a 1-second sound waveform. In principle, the higher the sample rate, the better the sound quality.

Sample rate and bit rate of MP3 Part 2

BIT RATE

The number of digits in the sound is equivalent to the number of colors on the screen, indicating the amount of data per sample.

Of course, the larger the amount of data, the more accurate the playback sound, so as not to confuse the sound. of the teapot with the train whistle. In the same way, it is more clear and precise for the image, so as not to confuse blood and ketchup. [However, limited by the function of human organs, 16-bit sound and 24-bit image are basically the limits of ordinary humans, and the higher digits can only be distinguished by instruments. For example, the phone has 7-bit sound sampled at 3 kHz and the CD has 16-bit sound sampled at 44.1 kHz, so the CD is clearer than the phone. ]

When you understand the above two concepts, bitrate is easy to understand. Take the phone as an example, 3000 samples per second, each sample is 7 bits, then the phone’s bit rate is 21000. And the CD is 44100 samples per second, two channels, each sample is 13 bit PCM encoded, so the CD bit rate is 44100*2*13=1146600, which means the CD data volume per second is about 144KB. the capacity of a CD is 74 minutes equal to 4440 seconds, which is 639360KB=640MB.

Sound is actually a type of energy wave, so it also has the characteristics of frequency and amplitude, with frequency corresponding to the time axis and amplitude corresponding to the level axis. The wave is infinitely smooth, and the string can be considered to be made up of innumerable points. Since the storage space is relatively limited, in the process of digital encoding, the points of the string must be sampled. The sampling process consists of extracting the frequency value of a certain point. Obviously, the more points that are extracted in one second, the richer the frequency information that can be obtained. To restore the waveform, there must be two sampling points in one vibration. The highest frequency that can be felt is 20kHz, so to meet the auditory requirements of the human ear, at least 40k samples per second, expressed at 40kHz, and this 40kHz is the sample rate. Our common CD has a sample rate of 44.1 kHz. It is not enough to have only frequency information, we must also obtain and quantify the energy value of this frequency to represent the strength of the signal. The number of quantization levels is an integer power of 2, and the sample size of our common CD bit is 16 bits, that is, 2 to the power of 16. Sample size is harder to understand than bit rate. sampling, because it makes it seem abstract. For a simple example: suppose a wave is sampled 8 times, and the energy values corresponding to the sampling points are A1-A8, but we only use 2-bit sampling size, as a result we can only keep the 4 point values in A1-A8 and discard the other 4. If we use the 3bit sample size, all 8 point information is recorded. The higher the sample rate and sample size values, the closer the recorded waveform is to the original signal.

MP3 sample rate and bit rate

Bit Rate

When we listen to mp3 and watch movies, we will notice two parameters.

BIT RATE

The most common ones are 44.1 KHz sample rate and 192 Kbps bit rate. So what is the sample rate and what is the bit rate? What is the relationship between them? Explain:

The process of converting an analog audio signal to a digital audio signal is called sampling. In a nutshell, how many data points does it take to record a 1 second long sound via waveform sampling. For example: the sound sample rate of 44.1 KHz is equivalent to spending 44,000 data points to describe the sound waveform for 1 second. In principle, the higher the sample rate, the better the sound quality; sampling frequency is generally divided into three levels: 22.05KHz, 44.1KHz and 48KHz; 22.05KHz can only achieve FM radio sound quality, and 44.1KHz is the theoretical limit of CD sound quality, 48KHz has reached DVD quality.

Sampling rate refers to the sampling frequency when converting sound (analog signal) to mp3 (digital signal), i.e. how many data points are sampled per unit of time. (The data for a sample point is 8 (or even more) bits long.)

Bit rate refers to the number of bits (bits) transmitted per second. The unit is bps (bit per second). The higher the bitrate, the more data transmitted and the better the sound quality.

It can be said that the sample rate and bit rate are like the horizontal and vertical coordinates on the coordinate axis. The sampling frequency on the abscissa represents the data points sampled per second. The bit rate on the ordinate represents the precision when quantizing analog quantities with digital quantities.

The sample rate is similar to the number of frames of moving images. For example, the sampling rate of movies is 24 Hz, the sampling rate of PAL format is 25 Hz, and the sampling rate of NTSC format is 30 Hz. When we play back the still images sampled at the same rate as the sampling frequency, we see a continuous image. In the same way, when a CD recorded at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz is played back at the same rate, a continuous sound can be heard. Obviously, the higher the sample rate, the more coherent the sound will be heard and the picture will be seen. [Of course, the sampling rate that human auditory and visual organs can distinguish is limited, which is basically higher than sound sampled at 44.1kHZ, and most people haven’t noticed the difference. ]

Quality (bit rate)

In multimedia technology, quality is often used to judge the effect of audio, and quality here is actually bitrate.

1. Introduction
2 sound control
3 encoding mode
Introductionedit transmission
The term quality is widely used.
In multimedia technology, quality is often used to judge the effect of audio, and quality here is actually bitrate.
On WINDOWS it is called “bit rate” and on some players it is described as ” bit rate “.
Quality refers to the bit rate at which digital sound is converted from analog to digital format. The higher the bitrate, the better the quality of the restored sound.
sound control edit stream
16 Kbps = phone quality
24 Kbps = increase phone quality, shortwave transmission, longwave transmission, European standard medium wave transmission
40 Kbps = American standard medium wave transmission
56Kbps=Voice
64 Kbps = boost voice (best bitrate setting for cell phone ringtones, best setting for cell phone mono MP3 players)
112 Kbps = FM stereo broadcast FM 128 Kbps = tape (best setting for mobile phone stereo MP3 player, best setting for low-end MP3 player)
160 Kbps = HIFI high fidelity (best setting for mid to high end MP3 players)
192Kbps=CD (best setting for high-end MP3 players)
256Kbps=Studio Music Studio (for music enthusiasts)
In fact, with the advancement of technology, the quality of music is also getting higher and higher, the highest quality of MP3 is 320Kbps, but some formats can achieve higher sound quality.
For example, the emerging APE audio format can provide real audiophile level lossless sound quality and smaller volume than WAV format, and its quality is usually 550kbps-950kbps.
encoding modeedit stream
VBR (Variable Bitrate) Dynamic Bitrate means there is no fixed bitrate. The compression software immediately determines which bitrate to use based on the audio data being compressed. This is a method that takes quality as a premise and takes file size into account The recommended encoding mode;
ABR Average Bit Rate (Average Bit Rate) is an interpolation parameter of VBR. LAME created this encoding mode in response to the low file volume ratio of CBR and the variable size of files generated by VBR. Within the specified file size, ABR takes every 50 frames (about 1 second for 30 frames) as a segment. High-frequency and insensitive frequencies use relatively low traffic, and low-frequency and large dynamic performance use high traffic, which can be used as VBR and CBR, a compromise option.
CBR (constant bitrate), constant bitrate means the file has one bitrate from start to finish. Compared to VBR and ABR, the compressed file size is very large and the sound quality will not improve significantly compared to VBR and ABR.

What is bit rate? Knowledge of the MP3 audio format. Part 2

Bitrate is a benchmark indicator of the efficiency of digital music compression.

The bit rate represents the number of bits bps (bit per second, bits per second) transmitted per unit of time (1 second). We usually use kbps (in simple terms, it is per second) clock 1000 bits) as the unit. The bit rate of digital music on CD is 1411.2 kbps (ie recording 1 second of CD music requires 1411.2 × 1024 bits of data). The higher the bit rate of the music file, the more data (Bit) must be processed in a unit of time (1 second), and the better the sound quality of the music file. However, when the bit rate is high, the file size increases, which will occupy a large amount of storage capacity. 8 to 320 kbps.

1. WMA (Windows Media Audio, Windows Media Audio)

As a Microsoft media compression method, it is a part of the technology that compresses only audio data in Windows Media Technologies. The sound quality is similar to MP3 and can be compressed with half the technology of MP3. It has the copyrighted Windows Media Rights Manager, which can be played by installing in WMP (Windows Media Player, Windows Media Player). Due to the strong influence of Microsoft and Windows, as well as major copyright reasons, the major American record companies EMI and BMG have officially confirmed that they use the WMA method developed and produced by Microsoft. It is believed that this advanced method will become even more popular in the future.

2. MP3 (CBR, VBR, ABR)

MP3 is currently the most widely used and widely used lossy compressed digital audio format, which has been explained above and will not be repeated here.

CBR (constant bit rate)

CBR is the oldest and simplest MP3 encoding (compression) method. When this method is used for encoding, the bit rate of the entire file is the same, in other words, the bit rate used by the MP3 file per second is the same. Although the music file has sections of varying complexity, the encoder always keeps the bit rate constant, unless you use the highest sound quality, otherwise the sound quality of the different sections of the MP3 file will vary. The more complex the passage, the worse the sound quality. Its biggest advantage is that the file size is fixed, which is convenient for calculating storage space.