Category: Audio and video

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What is digital audio?

In fact, there can be several types of “digital sound”, more precisely, the types of its representation on a computer.

The now familiar “digitized sound” is an analog of a photograph, an exact digital copy of sounds input from outside. It can be a microphone recording of your voice, a copy of audio tracks from a CD, or other sources. Like photography, this sound takes up a lot of space … however, the appetite for photography compared to sound is simply negligible! One minute of digital audio recorded at the highest quality requires approximately 10 megabytes. It is true that there are special compression methods that reduce the volume of computer sound ten times. But more on that later.

Besides “digital”, there is also “synthesized” sound – more precisely, music in MIDI format. Well, you are probably familiar with synthesizers. Briefly, the essence of MIDI technology can be summed up as follows: the computer not only plays the melody you need, but synthesizes it using a sound card. MIDI melodies are just command systems that control a sound card, note codes that it should “display” (indicating instruments, duration and some other parameters of this note). This technology is ideal for computer composers, as it allows you to easily change any parameter of the melody created on the computer: replace instruments, add or remove them, change the tempo and even the style of the song. And files with MIDI music are small, only a few tens of kilobytes. But MIDI has drawbacks too: you can’t record a voice to a MIDI file, and music sounds good only on a very high-quality sound card. Transfer the file you created to a neighbor’s computer equipped with a $ 10 card, and you will long think where all the charm and beauty of the melody has evaporated. It is true that MIDI can be relatively easily converted to digital sound format; reverse conversion, unfortunately, is impossible at the current level of computer technology development.

Finally, there is a third type of sound you can work with at home: “tracker” or “sampler” technology, a kind of love that comes from digital and synthesized sound. When you work with programs of this type, you will “build” a musical composition from small “pieces” of digital or synthesized sound that are repeated periodically: loops or samples. It is on this principle that compositions are created in the current popular style of “house”, “trance”, “techno” …

In short, all simple dance (not to say grosser, primitive), rhythmic music. This type of music, a cross between digital and synthesized, is called “tracker” and has a limited but loyal audience of fans.

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What is digital audio?

Today we hear everywhere: high-quality digital sound, digital photography, digital video.

What does this buzzword mean: digital? The key lies in modern methods of recording, processing and storing a wide variety of information, which appeared simultaneously with the advent of personal computers. The first PCs were designed only for settlement operations, but later they discovered that they can operate with texts, images, sounds and videos. You just need to translate everything into the computer language.

Let’s take a look at how you can record and play sound with a PC. First, the sound vibrations are converted to an alternating voltage using a microphone. This voltage is fed into the input of a special computing device – a sound card. The computer cannot register voltage. Like any electronic device, it can only record the voltage value of two levels: “there is voltage” (we should say a logical unit) or “there is no voltage” – logical zero.

It is in the form of combinations of logical zeros and ones that the PC records numbers, letters, words, or formulas. It is clear that recording a large amount of information requires many memory cells, because only one binary number can be written in a cell: 1 or 0. To write a digit or letter, 8 memory cells are needed. The number 3 is written as 00000011, the number 5 is 00000101, the letter k is 01101001, and the like.

How to record sound?
PC audio processing device control panel Very simple! The alternating voltage that reaches the sound card receives multiple measurements, the results of which are carefully recorded by the PC in memory. The computer measures the voltage approximately 44,000 times per second at any given time and records its value in memory. This is similar to how students keep a weather calendar: every day, at the same time, they record the readings of a thermometer, a barometer. The PC also records voltage values, but it does so much more frequently. How do you manage? Easy! Modern computers can do more than a billion simple operations per second, so the 44 or even 98,000 measurements required to record high-quality audio are not a problem for a computer. At the same time, the PC has to do a lot of work: drawing on the screen, writing the measurement results to disk, keeping an eye on which key you pressed, where the mouse moved, measured new voltage values, etc. Despite the fact that a voltage measurement consists of several dozen simple operations, the speed of modern processors is sufficient for it.

Large amounts of memory are required to store digital audio. One second of sound takes up the same space as 88,000 letters! This is how sound is recorded: voltage measurements are recorded on a large CD. Compare: You can record in text format a small library of 4-5 thousand books for several hundred pages or … 76 minutes of quality music.

Modern computers have learned to “cheat.” They record very quiet sounds with less precision, the ear will not yet hear them clearly. Sounds that are masked as loud sounds are also digitized less precisely. Why record in detail how smooth the violin sounds when the drum is struck hard? Therefore, the amount of memory occupied by sounds can be reduced ten times. This (and not only this) is done in the popular MP3 computer audio formats, which are common on the Internet, and in portable MP3 players, and Atrac, which is used in minidisc players.

How do I play the sound?
How is digital sound recreated? Even easier than typing it! In math lessons, you probably had to graph a function by points, and in physics lab work, you had to draw a graph based on measurements. During playback, the PC reads the voltage value from memory at all times and, using a sound card, resumes almost the same alternating voltage that was digitized.

These methods of recording and reproducing sound are used not only by computers, but also by various CD, MD and MP3 players, which, in fact, are also microcomputers, albeit without the usual keyboards, mice and monitors.

It is convenient not only to record and store digital sound, but also to transmit it remotely. The convenience lies in conserving airtime and battery life. During a conversation on a mobile phone, the voice is converted into digital form and memorized. When, say, 1/5 of a second of sound has accumulated, the phone’s transmitter turns on and the sound is transmitted for 1/100 of a second.

Fundamentals of digital audio

Digital audio is based on the mathematical representation of the sound wave.

The digital world is evolving very rapidly and it is no wonder that many people find digital technology complex. The purpose of this article is to explain what digital audio is without going into complicated mathematical details. To understand what digital sound is, you must first understand that there are no sounds inside a computer and there is only one math.

What is sound
Sound is the vibration of molecules. Mathematically, sound can be accurately described as a “wave.” It has a maximum peak value (wave hump) and a minimum value (deflection). If you have ever seen a graphical representation of a sound wave, you will notice that sound is always represented by a curve that constantly crosses the X-axis. This means that the nature of sound is “periodic”. Any sound has a crest and deflection, a positive and a negative period. This is called a loop. So the basic concept is that all sounds have at least one cycle.

The next important idea is that any periodic function can be represented mathematically as a series of sinusoids. In other words, even the most complex sound is just a collection of sine waves. A voice can constantly change its volume and pitch, but anytime it sounds, the voice is just a set of sine waves.

And finally, third: people do not hear sounds with a frequency higher than 22 kHz. Therefore, it is not necessary to record everything above 22 kHz.

So once again, the fundamentals of sound are as follows:

Sound waves are periodic and therefore can be described as a collection of sine waves.
We are not interested in waves with a frequency higher than 22 kHz, because we cannot physically hear them.
Analog to digital transition
Let’s say I’m speaking into a microphone. The microphone turns my voice into a continuous electrical current. This electrical current passes through a wire through an amplifier of some kind and eventually enters an analog-digital converter (ADC). Remember that the computer does not store sounds, but mathematical values, so we need something that converts the analog stream into a sequence of ones and zeros. This is what the ADC is doing. In simple terms, the converter takes quick snapshots of the sound wave, called samples, and assigns an amplitude value to each sample. And here we come to two basic concepts that will help explain the nature of digital sound. These concepts are time and breadth.

Sound bitness
Sound bitness
In the digital world, nothing is continuous, everything has a certain mathematical meaning. In the analog world, the sound wave will reach its peak and all values ​​from 0 dB to the peak will exist. And in a digital signal, there are a limited number of possible amplitude values. Think of analog audio as someone who gently walks up an escalator, while digital audio is someone who walks up a staircase and, over time, is on one rung or the other. Or let’s say there are values ​​50 and 51. So in analog sound there may be some intermediate value of 50.46, but in digital sound this value will be rounded to 50. This means that in fact the sound wave is distorted as it passes through the ADC … And since the analog signal is continuous, then this rounding of values ​​occurs constantly during the conversion process. This is called a quantization error and it sounds like a strange noise. But imagine a ladder with more steps that are less high. Now we have the values ​​50, followed by 50.2, followed by 50.4, and then 50.6, etc. An analog signal with an amplitude value of 50.46 will now be rounded to 50.4 instead of 50. This is a major improvement that does not completely eliminate quantization errors, but significantly reduces their impact. An increase in bitness is essentially an increase in the number of steps on a stair with a decrease in their height. As the quantization error decreases, the noise level decreases. Now we have the values ​​50, followed by 50.2, followed by 50.4, and then 50.6, etc. An analog signal with an amplitude value of 50.46 will now be rounded to 50.4 instead of 50. This is a major improvement that does not completely eliminate quantization errors, but significantly reduces their impact. An increase in bitness is essentially an increase in the number of steps on a stair with a decrease in their height. As the quantization error decreases, the noise level decreases.

What is digital audio

Digital audio is a numerical representation of sound.

Recording sound as digital sound is similar to recording sound on a tape recorder. Let’s say you have a microphone connected to your computer. Whenever a sound is heard (speaking, singing, playing a musical instrument or just any noise), the microphone “hears” it and converts the sound into an electrical signal. The microphone then sends the signal to the computer’s sound card, which converts the signal into numbers. These numbers are called samples.

A sound card is a device that is inserted into a computer that allows it to understand the electrical signals from any sound device. You can think of a sound card as a “translator”. When an audio device (such as a microphone, electronic musical instrument, CD player, or other device capable of outputting an audio signal) sends signals to the computer, the sound card receives the signals and converts them into numbers that computer can understand.

The samples contain information that tells the computer what the recorded signal sounded like at specific times. The more samples that are used to represent the signal, the higher the quality of the recorded signal. For example, to create a digital sound recording that has the same quality as a CD recording, the computer must receive 44,100 samples per second. The number of samples taken per second is called the sample rate.

The size of each individual sample also affects the quality of the recorded sound. This size is called the bit depth. The higher the bit depth, the higher the sound quality. For example, to create CD-quality digital audio, each sample must be 16-bit.

Computers use the binary form to represent numbers. The place of a binary number is called a bit, each bit represents one of two numbers: 1 or 0. By combining bits, computers can display any number. For example, any number between 0 and 255 is represented as an eight-bit number. With 16 bits, it can represent numbers in the range 0 to 65,535.

Your computer can save all submitted samples. The temporal characteristics of the sample are also saved. Later, the computer can send samples to the sound card at the same intervals, so you hear the sound exactly the same as what was recorded. The basic concept is as follows: a sound card records an electrical signal from an audio device (such as a microphone or a CD player). The sound card converts the signals into sets of numbers, called samples, that are stored on your computer. During playback, the samples are sent back to the sound card, which converts them into an electrical signal. The signal is sent to the speakers (or other audio device) and you hear the sound exactly as you recorded it.

So what is the difference?
After reading the description of MIDI and digital audio, you may still be confused about the difference between the two. After all, both processes record the signals sent to the computer and then reproduce them, right? The point is, when you record MIDI data, you are not recording actual sound. Just record the instructions for playback. It is like a musician playing notes, where the notes are MIDI data and the musician is the computer. The musician (or computer) reads the notes (or MIDI data) and then stores them in memory. The musician then plays a melody on a musical instrument. What if the musician takes another instrument to play? The game will remain the same, but the sound will change. The same is true for MIDI data.

A keyboard synthesizer can produce any sound, but playing the same MIDI data using the keyboard will be exactly the same.

When you record digital audio, you are recording real audio. If you record a performance of a piece of music as digital sound, you cannot change the sound of that performance as described above. Due to these differences, MIDI and digital sound have their own advantages and disadvantages. Since MIDI is recorded as data for playback, rather than actual sound, you have much more freedom to manipulate the sound than with digital sound. For example, you can easily correct the error by changing the pitch. MIDI data can be converted to standard music notation, which is not possible with digital sound.