Digital Audio File Formats: Everything You Need to Know

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Digital Audio File Formats: Everything You Need to Know

Digital audio file formats have become ubiquitous in the modern era of music and sound. They allow for easy storage, distribution, and manipulation of audio data. However, with so many different formats available, it can be challenging to know which one to use for a particular purpose. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to digital audio file formats, explaining what they are, how they work, and which ones are best suited for different use cases.

What Are Digital Audio File Formats?

Digital audio file formats are a type of computer file that contains digital audio data. They are used to store, distribute, and manipulate audio data in a variety of contexts, such as music production, broadcasting, and online streaming. Audio data is typically recorded and stored in an analog format, such as magnetic tape or vinyl records. Digital audio file formats allow this data to be converted into a digital format, which can be stored and manipulated using computers and digital audio software.

There are many different digital audio file formats available, each with its own characteristics and intended uses. Some of the most common formats include:

MP3
WAV
AIFF
FLAC
ALAC
AAC

How Do Digital Audio File Formats Work?

Digital audio file formats work by converting analog audio data into a digital format. This involves sampling the audio data at regular intervals and converting each sample into a binary code that can be stored on a computer. The most common way of doing this is to use pulse-code modulation (PCM), which involves measuring the amplitude of the audio signal at regular intervals and converting it into a binary code.

Once the audio data has been converted into a digital format, it can be stored on a computer in a digital audio file format. Different formats use different encoding schemes to compress the audio data and reduce the file size. Some formats, such as MP3, use lossy compression, which means that some of the audio data is lost during the compression process. Other formats, such as FLAC, use lossless compression, which means that all of the audio data is retained during compression.

Which Digital Audio File Format Should You Use?

The choice of digital audio file format depends on a variety of factors, such as the intended use of the audio data, the desired sound quality, and the available storage space. Some of the most common use cases and the recommended file formats for each are:

Music Production

When producing music, it is essential to use a high-quality, uncompressed audio format to ensure that the final mix sounds as good as possible. The recommended format for music production is WAV or AIFF, which are both uncompressed, lossless formats that retain all of the audio data.

Online Streaming

For online streaming, it is important to use a format that can be streamed easily over the internet without using too much bandwidth. The recommended format for online streaming is MP3, which uses lossy compression to reduce the file size while retaining a high level of sound quality.

High-Resolution Audio

For high-resolution audio, it is important to use a format that can retain all of the audio data without introducing any compression artifacts. The recommended formats for high-resolution audio are FLAC and ALAC, which are both lossless, uncompressed formats.

Streaming Audio Formats

Streaming audio formats have become increasingly popular in recent years, with the rise of music streaming services such as Spotify, Apple Music, and Tidal. These services use various audio formats to stream music over the internet.

MP3

MP3 is one of the most popular audio formats for streaming music due to its small file size and good quality. MP3 is a lossy format, which means that it compresses the audio data by discarding some of the information that is deemed less important to the listener. The resulting file size is much smaller than a lossless format such as WAV or FLAC, but there is a tradeoff in audio quality. Most streaming services use MP3 as the default format for streaming music due to its widespread compatibility and low bandwidth requirements.

AAC

AAC stands for Advanced Audio Coding, and it is a lossy audio codec that is widely used for music streaming and downloading. AAC is the default audio codec for Apple devices and is used by popular music streaming services such as Spotify, Tidal, and YouTube. AAC is similar to MP3 in terms of file size and quality, but it is more efficient in its compression algorithm, resulting in better sound quality at the same bitrate. AAC is also capable of supporting higher bitrates than MP3, making it a popular choice for high-quality streaming.

FLAC

FLAC is a lossless, uncompressed audio format that is popular among audiophiles and music enthusiasts due to its high-quality sound and ability to retain all of the original audio data. While FLAC files are much larger than lossy formats such as MP3 and AAC, they offer superior sound quality that is comparable to the original studio recording. FLAC is not commonly used for streaming due to its large file size, but it is popular for downloading high-quality music files.

ALAC

ALAC stands for Apple Lossless Audio Codec, and it is a lossless audio format that is similar to FLAC but is optimized for use with Apple devices. ALAC is compatible with most Apple devices and can be used with iTunes to download and stream high-quality music. ALAC is not as widely supported as FLAC, but it is a popular choice for Apple users who want to retain the original sound quality of their music files.

Conclusion

Digital audio file formats have come a long way since the early days of digital music, with new formats and technologies continually being developed to improve sound quality and file size. Each format has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of format will depend on the intended use of the audio file. For streaming music over the internet, lossy formats such as MP3 and AAC are the most commonly used due to their small file size and widespread compatibility. For high-quality audio, lossless formats such as FLAC and ALAC are recommended to retain all of the original audio data without introducing compression artifacts. Ultimately, the choice of format will depend on the listener’s preferences and the intended use of the audio file.

When it comes to adjusting the volume of your digital audio files, one useful tool is mp4gain. Mp4gain is a software tool that allows you to normalize the volume of your audio files to a consistent level, eliminating the need to adjust the volume manually. This can be particularly useful when dealing with files from different sources that may have different volume levels. Mp4gain is easy to use and can help to improve the listening experience of your digital music collection.

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What is the best digital audio format?

When choosing the best digital audio format, several factors must be taken into account. The most popular digital audio formats are MP3, AAC and WAV.

MP3

MP3 is the most commonly used digital audio format. It is a compression format that allows audio information to be compressed without a great loss of quality. It is compatible with most audio players and is very easy to play on most devices.

AAC

AAC is a digital audio format developed by Apple. It offers better sound quality than older digital audio formats like MP3, but with a much smaller file size. This means more songs can be stored on a device without affecting performance.

WAV

WAV is the lossless digital audio format. This means that the original audio file is saved exactly as it was recorded. This means that WAV files are much larger than MP3 or AAC files, which means that more storage space is needed to store the files.

In conclusion, the best digital audio format depends on your needs and preferences. If you need a small file size, MP3 or AAC are good options. If you need the best sound possible, then WAV is the best choice.

What is the digital audio format with the best sound quality?

Currently there are several digital audio formats, each with its own qualities. The most popular formats are FLAC, MP3, AAC, OGG and WMA. But which of these offers the best sound quality?

FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)

FLAC is a lossless audio format that preserves all the characteristics of the original audio without any compression. This means that the audio is reproduced with the highest sound quality, without any loss of quality. Also, FLAC is an open format, so it is compatible with most audio players.

MP3 (Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 3)

MP3 is a compressed audio format used to reduce file sizes. This allows more audio files to be stored and streamed, but also causes a loss of quality. However, if a high bit rate is used, the sound quality of MP3 files can still be very good.

AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)

AAC is a compressed audio format developed by Apple as an alternative to MP3. It has a better compression ratio than MP3, which means smaller audio files with equal or better sound quality. However, as with MP3, the sound quality depends on the bit rate.

OGG (Ogg Vorbis)

OGG is a lossless audio format developed by Xiph.Org. Like FLAC, it does not compress audio, so audio files are played at highest sound quality. Unlike FLAC, however, OGG is a closed format, so it is not supported by all audio players.

WMA (Windows Media Audio)

WMA is a compressed audio format developed by Microsoft. It is compatible with most audio players, but offers lower sound quality than other formats. Also, like MP3 and AAC, the sound quality depends on the bit rate.

Conclusion

Of the five popular digital audio formats, FLAC and OGG offer the best sound quality because they don’t compress the audio. However, MP3, AAC and WMA offer good sound quality if a high bit rate is used. Finally, FLAC is the most widely supported digital audio format, while OGG is the least widely supported.

Explore 4 main audio formats

Let’s take a look at the main audio formats and the differences between them.

The audio format is directly related to the quality and purpose of the audio track, i.e. where and on what device it will be played and what its purpose is.

However, before discovering the difference between them and choosing the best audio format for your music, you should know what categories they fall under. Let’s go ahead!

Uncompressed audio is like a picture, uncompressed audio is better quality, larger in file size and safer to copy, with nearly the same detail as the original sound.

WAV is the most widely used audio format of this type and reproduces music with precision similar to that of a recording.

compressed audio
When music is compressed, the file is smaller and can be easily stored on your device. Because of this advantage, compressed audio is often more of an option for users.

However, it should be remembered that some audio formats in this category may lose quality depending on the option selected, just like MP3 and AAC .

What is the best audio format?
As we said before, the first step in deciding on an audio format is to know the final objective of the track. Whether it’s for music lessons, performances, karaoke, auditions, or recording versions, you need to understand the pros and cons of each option.

WAV
WAV (Waveform Audio File Format) is an uncompressed format, therefore sufficient storage space is required. This is for those who already work with music, such as experts in the field or users who want to edit audio.

At high fidelity, WAV faithfully reproduces the elements and character of the original soundtrack. Furthermore, this format allows the selection of different bit and sample rates, and can be used on multiple platforms.

FLAC
FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) is one of the most widely used compression formats by music lovers today.

Digital audio encoding allows you to preserve its quality, but the resulting file will be smaller. Over the years, this format has become more widely used and is compatible with different devices and platforms.

FLAC is free and open source, ready to use and can be easily played on smartphones and other devices.

MP3
Before deciding on the best audio format, it is worth taking a look at the most famous format in the music world: MP3.

MP3 is one of the main audio compression formats, and has become synonymous with the convenience and efficiency of generating files quickly, with smaller files and a certain level of quality.

Many devices and programs can play this format. But MP3 is difficult to use in professional audio processing and advanced audio editing.

As is known, this format exists on almost all platforms and is ideal for sharing audio.

Another interesting factor is its bit rate, although it is a compressed format, it can vary depending on the user’s goals and improvements in quality.

AAC Like MP3, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is a more efficient audio format than its predecessor.

To create smaller files with less storage space, AAC is a great option for users to reduce file size and keep high-quality audio tracks.

Digital audio formats or how sound is stored on a computer

Digital audio formats or how sound is stored on a computer

Digital Audio Formats

Today there are about three dozen common digital audio formats. Why you need to create so many types of sound files to store one type of content and how to manage all this, you will learn from this material.

Audio format developments | Digital audio | How to Create Digital Media Infographics Using ConceptDraw PRO | Audio Infographic

Surely many users prefer to use their home computer not only as a workhorse, but also as a multimedia center, where they can watch movies or family photos, as well as listen to their favorite music. Although compact digital players or mobile phones are certainly more suitable for listening to musical compositions, but unlike them, a computer can not only play music.

No matter how big the built-in memory of your music player is, it will most likely be difficult to store your entire music library on it. Plus, you can create, edit, organize, and search for music with your PC. Also, don’t forget that there are around three dozen common digital audio formats today, and most players are far from omnivorous and can only play a few of them.

So why do you need to create so many music formats to store one type of content? The fact is that, in the vast majority of cases, the sound is stored in “compressed” form, since one minute of uncompressed composition occupies about 10 MB on the hard disk. On the one hand, this seems not to be much, but on the other, if you are a music lover and your collection consists of several hundred or even thousands of songs, then it is clear that the sound must be compressed to reduce the space it occupies in electronic media.

Various special algorithms are used to compress music files, which subsequently determine the structure and presentation of the audio data, or so-called digital audio file formats. All audio formats can be divided into three groups: uncompressed audio formats, lossless compression, and lossy compression.

No compression
One of the most widespread formats related to this type is the well-known WAV. The sound of files with this extension is stored without compression or changes. It is true that much more space is required to store uncompressed files and therefore WAV is more widely used only in professional audio and video applications, where the sound should not have a loss of quality before processing. Keeping ordinary musical compositions in this form is unwarranted waste.

To play WAV files, you do not need any special software, as all media players understand this format, including the standard Windows Media audio player built into the Windows system.

Another format used to store uncompressed audio that is worth mentioning is Apple’s development called AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format). As you may have guessed, it is most commonly used on Macintosh computers running Mac OS X.

Lossless compression (lossless)
Lossless compression algorithms for audio files work on the principle of conventional file cabinets. They do not provide the highest level of compression (40 to 60%), while they have virtually no effect on sound quality. It is also worth noting that in this case, the encrypted data can be fully restored to its original form. Therefore, the use of lossless compression is most often used when it is important to keep the compressed data identical to the original.

The most popular audio formats in this group are FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), APE (Monkey’s Audio), WMA (Windows Media Lossless), and ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Codec). Each has its own pros and cons. For example, the APE codec offers slightly better compression gains, while FLAC is more common. In general, all true music lovers store their music collections in lossless formats, as they do not remove any data from the audio stream and the files created with these codecs can be listened to even on high-quality stereos.

To play lossless compressed formats, as a rule, third-party players (except WMA) are used, such as MPlayer, foobar, AIMP, Winamp, VLC and others, since all the necessary codecs are already built into them. Another option is to separately install an additional codec pack (for example, K-Lite), after which you can listen to files in lossless format from almost any audio player.

Lossy compression
This is the most popular group of algorithms that provides the maximum audio compression ratio (up to 10 times or more). However, unlike previous formats, the audio file loses quality here, and how much depends

What formats are used to represent digital audio?

What formats are used to represent digital audio?

Audio Formats

The format is used in two different ways.

Digital Audio Formats

When using a specialized medium or recording method and special read / write devices, the concept of format includes both physical characteristics of a sound carrier: the dimensions of a cassette with a magnetic tape or disk, the tape itself, or a disc, recording method, signal parameters, encoding and error protection principles, etc. .P. When using a universal information medium of wide application, for example, a flexible computer or a hard disk, the format is understood only as a method of encoding a digital signal, the peculiarities of the arrangement of bits and words and the structure of service information; all the “low-level” part directly related to working with the media, in this case, remains under the control of the computer and its operating system.

Of the specialized digital audio formats and media, the following are the best known today:

CD (Compact Disc) is a 120mm or 90mm single sided optical laser read / write disc, containing a maximum of 74 minutes of stereo sound at 44.1 kHz sampling rate and 16 linear quantization bits. The system is offered by Sony and Philips and is called CD-DA (Compact Disc – Digital Audio). For error protection, Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon code (CIRC) and Hamming code 8-14 modulation (Eight to Fourteen Modulation, EFM) are used. A distinction is made between stamped compact discs (CD) write-only (CD-R) and rewritable (CD-RW).
PCM decoder (PCM deck): a system for converting the digital audio signal into a pseudo-video signal compatible with popular video formats (NTSC, PAL / SECAM) and vice versa. PCM decoders are used in combination with home (VHS) or studio (S-VHS, Beta, U-Matic) VCRs, using them as read / write devices. The devices operate with 16-bit linear quantization at sample rates of 44.056 kHz (NTSC) and 44.1 kHz (PAL / SECAM) and can record a two- or four-channel digital signal. In fact, such a decoder is a modem (modulator-demodulator) for a video signal.
S-DAT (Fixed Head Digital Audio Tape – Fixed Head Digital Audio Tape) is a system similar to a conventional cassette recorder, in which recording and reading is performed by a block of thin film fixed heads in a 3.81 mm wide tape in a double-sided cassette with dimensions of 86 x 55.5 x 9.5 mm. It implements two- or four-channel 16-bit recording at 32, 44.1, and 48 kHz.
R-DAT (Rotating Head Digital Audio Tape) is a VCR-like system with cross-tilted rotating head recording. The most popular tape-based digital recording format, R-DAT systems are often referred to simply as DAT. The R-DAT uses a 73 x 54 x 10.5mm cassette, with a 3.81mm wide tape, and the cassette and tape system itself is very similar to a typical VCR. The basic belt speed is 8.15mm / s, the rotation speed of the main unit is 2000rpm. R-DAT operates with a two-channel signal (on some models, four channels) at sample rates of 44.1 and 48 kHz with 16-bit linear quantization and 32 kHz with 12-bit non-linear quantization. To guard against errors, a double Reed-Solomon code and modulation with an 8-10 code are used. Cassette capacity – 80. .240 minutes depending on speed and belt length. Domestic DAT recorders are usually equipped with a phonogram illegal copy protection system, which does not allow recording from the analog input at a frequency of 44.1 kHz, as well as direct digital copying in the presence of SCMS prohibition codes (Serial Code Managenent System). Studio tape recorders have no such restrictions.
DASH (Digital Audio Stationary Head) is a 6.3 and 12.7 mm wide magnetic tape recording system with fixed heads. Belt speed is 19.05, 38.1, 76.2 cm / sec. Implements 16-bit recording with sample rates of 44.056, 44.1 and 48 kHz from 2 to 48 channels.
ADAT (Alesis DAT) is a proprietary system for recording eight-channel audio on S-VHS videotape, developed by Alesis. It uses linear quantization of 16 bits at 48 kHz, the capacity of the cassette is up to 60 minutes per channel. ADAT tape recorders can be cascaded so that a 128-channel synchronous recording system can be assembled.

Digital audio file formats wav, mp3, aiff, ogg, flac, m4a

Digital audio file formats wav, mp3, aiff, ogg, flac, m4a

digital audio formats

The last five years gave a great boost to the development of portable and stationary audio systems, and with this support for a variety of digital audio formats.

DIGITAL AUDIO FORMATS

Small pocket devices have a large internal memory and fixed audio equipment has become even smarter and more demanding. That is why, now, we can not save space on the player and download songs that weigh between 15 and 30 MB each, but at home, listen to digital music in a quality equal to the sound of an analog vinyl.

Description of popular digital audio formats
However, the most widespread audio formats still have their pros and cons, and even in an urgent matter like digital audio, a “panacea” has not yet been found. Classic digital audio formats are divided into “compressed” and “uncompressed” streams, as well as “lossless” formats, which exclude loss of sound.

Description of digital audio formats Description of digital audio formats

Wav audio format
The waveform audio file format (WAVE, WAV – “in waveform”) is a file format for storing a recording of an uncompressed digitized audio sequence. In general, this is the most common format for working in the studio and in broadcasting. allows you to get the most honest sound quality. For example, the standard audio CD format is an LPCM audio stream, with parameters: 2ch (stereo), 44-100Hz, 16bit.

Mp3 audio format
MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer 3: (MP3) is the most popular digital format for storing compressed audio. The MP3 format uses a special algorithm designed to greatly reduce the size of the original file. This format allows you to keep the audio close to the original sound, but thanks to a variety of settings, extremely small size.
Compared to the standard audio CD format, a file in MP3 format and a bit rate of 128 kbps will be approximately 1/11 the size of the original file.

FLAC audio format
FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) is a popular free codec designed for lossless compression of audio data. What does that mean? Unlike lossy audio codecs such as MP3 or OGG, the FLAC audio codec does not remove any information from the audio stream. This format is ideal for audiophiles who create their own music collections and listen to music on high-quality equipment.

Ogg audio format
OGG is a format that has not gained great popularity, but is nonetheless used by a fairly large audience. The OGG format, similar to MP3, compresses audio with loss of quality, but is fundamentally different in practical conversions. This made it possible to get better quality with a smaller file size and to display this codec as absolutely independent. In addition to similar formats that convert lossy audio, OGG has the ability to adjust container properties.

Aiff audio format
The Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is a fairly universal audio file format developed by Apple, which is used to store audio data. Like its counterpart, the WAV format, it is uncompressed audio and is widely used in professional recordings and music production.
The .aiff and .aif files created by Apple Loops are used by GarageBand and Logic Audio music editors.

M4a audio format
Apple Losseles (also known as Apple Lossless Encoder, ALE or Apple Lossless Audio Codec, ALAC) (m4a) is another Apple development. This audio format refers to uncompressed audio, which provides lossless playback. It is a fairly specific format, which is mainly supported by products of the creator company, and in some cases, as in the iPhone system sounds, where it is possible to use exclusively the m4a format.

ABOUT DIGITAL AUDIO FORMATS

ABOUT DIGITAL AUDIO FORMATS

Digital Audio Formats

Today, there are several digital audio formats that are superior in quality to compact discs and are available on both physical media and the Internet. What are advanced sound lovers listening to now? Let’s find out.

Digital Audio Formats

The capabilities and quality of the CD-DA format were initially limited by the capabilities of CD as a medium. Legend has it that the standard 74-minute compact disc capacity was chosen in order to be able to record long classical pieces without splitting into two discs. And to be absolutely precise, this figure appeared thanks to Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony: it lasts exactly 74 minutes. Another default parameter was the 44.1 kHz sample rate. This figure defines the upper limit of the reproduced frequency range. For a CD that had to reproduce frequencies up to 20 kHz, this was the lowest possible carrier frequency. As a result, the only field of maneuver was the bit depth, the level of which was 16 bits. With regard to sound recording, bit depth determines its dynamic range and resolution.

The CD cannot be copied into the memory of the computer in the usual way, since we usually copy files. To save a CD-DA, you need a special program, a program that allows you to convert data recorded on an audio disc to PCM format (WAV file). A properly organized CD-DA ripping process allows you to get a completely identical digital copy on your hard drive. Audio CDs are generally saved on a computer as a large FLAC audio file (also WAV, WV, or APE) with a CUE index card or as separate tracks.

As the best digital audio format, the CD did not last that long, just over ten years. In the mid-nineties, the first format appeared that allows for better sound quality. HDCD was an improved version of CD-DA. Their difference consisted in a special recording algorithm that made it possible to save additional data on the sampling depth in a standard CD format. With an HDCD decoder, the output signal received not 16, but 20 bits, which did not give the standard of 96, but up to 120 dB of dynamic range and a very noticeable increase in recording resolution. At the same time, devices without an HDCD decoder played discs like normal CD-DAs. Interestingly, when saving such a disk on a PC in the same way,

The next leap in terms of sound quality came at the beginning of the new millennium. Two HD audio formats were introduced to the audiophile audience at once, appearing almost simultaneously. DVD-Audio, a further development of the traditional recording method and promoted by Panasonic and Toshiba. It is capable of recording 24-bit / 192 kHz in stereo mode and 24-bit / 96 kHz in multi-channel mode.

The SACD format competed with it, which, by the way, looked much less like a normal CD, although it was called “super CD”. Super Audio CD, developed by Sony, was based on the revolutionary DSD encoding algorithm. This digitizing method assumed one-bit sampling at an ultra-high frequency of 2.8224 MHz. The encoding and decoding principles of a DSD stream are much simpler than in high-bit formats and are essentially closer to the principles of analog technology. At the same time, the SACD format retains all the advantages of the advanced digital format and has output characteristics comparable to DVD-Audio in both sound quality and number of channels.

Both DVD-Audio and SACD were designed with a high level of copy protection, but inquisitive minds have already won over both formats, so if desired, the content of both disc types can be saved to a PC as images. ISO (without changing the structure and original codec) or FLAC tracks in 24-bit / 96 kHz or 24-bit / 192 kHz. Almost simultaneously with the DVD-Audio and SACD formats, another original format for publishing high-quality music was born: DAD 24/96. DAD stands for Digital Audio Disk, but it is essentially a DVD-Video with a high-quality still image and sound that can be played on any standard DVD player or PC.

Obviously, with this approach, Blu-ray media, with its HD sound formats, recorded in high quality without compression, is quite applicable for recording music in high quality. However, at the moment there are few such publications, and a special version of the BD-Audio format has every chance of not seeing the light of day, as the sale of high-quality audio material is already very active on the Internet. Anyone who does not want to convert DVD-Audio, DAD and SACD discs to the FLAC format on their own can officially buy albums already converted in 24-bit / 96 kHz or 24-bit / 192 kHz quality.

Advantages and disadvantages of popular audio formats

Advantages and disadvantages of popular audio formats

Audio File Formats

In today’s music world, there are a large number of audio file formats that are often confusing to the unprepared user. To understand all this, to find out what they are and what they are used for, the presented review will help.

Audio formats

Types of audio formats

Today is the time when all music lovers, not to mention professional musicians and audio editors, need to understand concepts like audio file formats, bit rates, extensions, bit depth, sample rate and many others. to achieve high quality sound. Sound has gone digital, which means that it can be used for various purposes, eg for listening to evidence, for presentations, video dubbing. In fact, digital sound, like an image, is a collection of individual pixels, and the more there are, the better the sound image. This “pixelated” sound can be edited and processed.

An important role in evaluating the quality of audio formats and consequently sound quality is a parameter such as bit rate, which shows how many bits or kilobits it takes to record one second of sound. Low bit rates mean low quality sound, high bit rates mean high quality sound.

But for the storage and further use of audio in one form or another, audio formats are used – digital recordings of audio data. We can say that the format is a kind of container where the sound is stored. Virtually all audio formats can be divided into two broad categories: lossless compressed and lossy compressed.

No loss, no loss

To avoid as much as possible a decrease in sound quality during the compression of an audio file, special methods have been developed to store audio information, avoiding losses, which in fact can be compared with the file when the information is simply packed in a zip file, the size of which is noticeably smaller than the original data. Later, this data can be clearly restored on each bit. And the bitrate itself is not important for these files. These audio files are collectively called Lossless, Music As Is. These algorithms allow you to compress files two to three times. As a result, the size becomes quite large, but at the same time the original sound is preserved.

Digital audio formats

Digital Audio Formats

Now there are several formats, but a basic distinction is made between lossless and lossy formats and compressed or uncompressed formats. Lossy formats are always compressed, which means a reduction in required storage space, but at the expense of playback quality. Lossless compressed formats offer faithful playback with low memory requirements.

However, the savings are less than with lossy formats. Lossless and uncompressed formats offer true-to-original music reproduction, but require a comparatively large amount of storage space. In return, they sometimes support even higher resolutions than compressed formats.

digital audio formats

What are sample rates and bit depth?

When talking about the resolution of digital music, two numbers are often mentioned. For CD quality around 44.1 kHz and 16 bit. The first number is the sample rate of the file. Describes how often the computer or network player extracts a signal from the file and processes it. 44.1 kHz means that a certain amount of data is transmitted 44,100 times per second. This amount of data is described by the bit depth (also word depth), the second number.

At the quality described, 16 bits of data are transmitted 44,100 times per second. If you want to determine the actual amount of data per second, you need to multiply these two numbers and get 705,600 accordingly. Since this is a stereo file with 2 channels, this number should be taken twice.

With CD quality music, 1,411,200 bits per second or, for the sake of simplicity, 1,411.2 kilobits are transmitted. A good MP3 file only transmits 320 kbps, so it only contains about a third of the information on a CD. Compared to 192 kHz 24-bit files, even less.What is the difference between compressed and uncompressed formats?
Uncompressed formats like

WAV do not affect music in any way. Frequencies and information are stored exactly as they are read during encoding. Therefore, uncompressed formats require more storage space in the first place than compressed formats. However, compressed does not automatically mean lossy. Formats like Apple’s FLAC or ALAC save music losslessly as a WAV file. However, they pack existing data more neatly without removing any information, thus requiring less storage space. Normally, there should be no effects on music information.

Why aren’t MP3 files high fidelity?

The MP3 format was introduced in 1992. It was revolutionary for the time, because by encoding music in MPEG-Audio Layer III, the full name of the format, you could achieve file compression of at least 4: 1, usually even 10: 1, compared to the classic CD. . This is possible because encoding in MP3 format removes the parts of the original file that are considered the least useful.

You can never make an exact copy of a music file in MP3 format and you cannot add information that has been deleted. So there is no point in converting an MP3 back to a lossless format. The AAC format used by Apple also cuts information from the original file to save space during compression.

We speak here of lossy or in English also of “lossy”, in contrast to the formats without loss or “without loss”. Meanwhile, it doesn’t really make sense to use such formats anymore, as more storage space shouldn’t be a problem today, unlike in 1992. The sound quality of MP3s is also significantly lower than that of other formats, as only 320 kbps is transmitted here at best, usually only 192 kbps or 256 kbps.

What is metadata?

Metadata are files attached to a file that contain additional information. In the case of digital music, these typically include things like sample rate, bit depth, and file format. In the best case, information about the song title, artist, album, composer, track number, etc. is also attached to the file. Modern streaming clients display this information when they play games on their screen or in an app. Also, these hidden attachments are often responsible for how the music in memory is organized.

Differences between digital audio formats (MP3, AAC, FLAC, WAV files, etc.)

What are the main digital audio formats and what are the differences between WAV, MP3, AAC, FLAC and others?

Differences in audio files To discover all types of digital audio formats, you must first understand briefly and synthetically what digital audio means and how it was created.

It all starts with Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the basis for digital audio, which was founded in 1937 and is characterized by two properties: sampling rate for measuring the waveform amplitude and bit depth for measuring possible digital values.

If the sound is continuous in the real world, this is not the case in the digital world.

To understand the difference, you can think of digital videos that consist of still images that change quickly and give the impression of continuous motion.

It is the same for audio and the amplitude of the sound waves in a digital format is not fluid, but changes according to certain criteria at predefined intervals.

Since I am not an audio technician or physicist to do simple things and understand what digital audio is, I have found a very explanatory analogy that I am trying to explain here.

The analog audio source can be thought of as the water flowing from an open tap and the amplitude of the audio waveform as the water temperature.

Sampling can be viewed as the frequency with which the finger is immersed in the flowing water per second

The more the finger is immersed in it, the more continuous the temperature changes become.

If you put your finger in the running water 44,100 times per second, it’s almost like holding your finger still all the time.

This is the idea behind the sampling rate.

In terms of bit depth, we should think that we’re using a thermometer instead of the finger.

If the water temperature is higher than that of the surrounding area, we will say that it is hot, otherwise it will be cold if it is below it.

Instead of only 2 options, we could mark 16 possible values for measuring the water temperature.

The bit depth can be viewed as the number of values with which the thermometer is to be used to measure the temperature. The more they are, the more accurate information is obtained.

Without losing ourselves technically, we are now seeing the most important digital audio file formats and their differences.

1) WAV and AIFF are lossless (i.e. uncompressed) PCM-based audio container formats with some minor changes in data storage.

.WAV or Wave is the standard format when you take a CD out of your computer (CD ripping).

A WAV and an AIFF can be converted into each other without changing the quality.

These audio formats are suitable for a stereo system (2 channels), they are sampled at 44.1 kHz (or 44100 times per second) with 16 bits (“CD quality”) and the files are approximately 10 MB per minute.

2) Lossless formats: FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Codec) and APE

These formats compress audio using algorithms.

The difference between compressed files and FLAC files is that FLAC is specifically designed for audio and therefore has better compression rates without data loss.

As a rule, a .FLAC takes up half of the storage space of a WAV in megabytes and maintains the “CD quality”.

A FLAC can be converted to WAV without loss of quality and is the preferred format for those who want to listen to music with the best quality and great speakers.

3) Loss formats: MP3, AAC, WMA, Vorbis

.MP3 and .AAC files are the most common formats when you need to store music on a computer or phone and need to share or download music on the network and the Internet.

MP3 is a highly compressed “lossy” format that sacrifices a certain amount of audio quality for a significant gain in file size.

An MP3 has a size of approximately 1 MB per minute.

The difference to lossless formats is that if you convert the file to a less compressed format like WAV, the quality sacrificed during compression will not be restored.

The various lossy formats use different data storage algorithms, so they vary the size of the files with the same quality. For lossy formats such as MP3, the audio quality is measured using the bit rate value, which is generally specified in “192 kbit / s” or “192 kbit / s”.

The higher the bit rate, the more detailed the sound becomes.