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MP3 decoding algorithm.Part 2

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MP3 decoding algorithm.Part 2

MP3 decoding algorithm

Synchronization and error checking include header information decoding module.

MP3 decoding algorithm

After the main control module starts to work, the main control module passes the data buffer of the bit stream to the synchronization and error checking module. This module includes two functions, namely header information decoding and frame decoding Side information decoding, scale factor decoding and Huffman decoding are performed according to your information, and the obtained results are obtained after of inverse quantization, stereo decoding, alias reduction, IMDCT, frequency inversion, and synthetic polyphase filtering. of the left and right channels is then placed in the output buffer by the main control module and sent to the sound playback device (in short, it’s very complicated).

2. Main control module
The main task of the main control module is to operate the input and output buffers and to call other modules to work together. Among them, the input and output buffers are provided by the DSP control module interface.

The data in the input buffer is the original mp3 compressed data stream, and the DSP control module provides a buffer larger than the maximum possible frame length each time it is concatenated to form a new buffer.

The data stored in the output buffer is the decoded PCM data, which represents the amplitude of the sound. It consists of a fixed-length buffer. Calling the DSP control module’s interface function returns the main pointer. After the output buffer is filled, interrupt processing is called to send to the audio ADC chip (DAC stereo audio and ADC audio) connected to the I2S interface. DirectDrive headphone amplifier) to output analog sound.

3. Synchronization and error detection
The error detection and synchronization module is mainly used to find the position of the data frame in the bit stream and decode the frame header, CRC check code and frame side information from this position, and the decoding results are used for subsequent scaling factors. Decoder module and Huffman decoder module. The main data format of the Mpeg1 layer 3 stream is shown in the following figure:

Master Data Flowchart

Among them, granule0 and granule1 represent granularity group 1 and granularity group 2 in one frame, channel0 and channel1 represent two channels in one granularity group, scalefactor is the quantized value of scale factor is the quantized Huffman encoding value , which splits into For large values and count1 1 value area

CRC check: expression is X16+X15+X2+1

3.1 Frame synchronization
The purpose of frame synchronization is to find out the position of the frame header in the bit stream. According to ISO 1172-3, the MPEG1 frame header is 12 bits “1111 1111 1111”, and the two adjacent frame headers are separated by equally spaced bytes.

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MP3 decoding algorithm.

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MP3 decoding algorithm

1: Introduction to the general structure of the MP3 codec
MP3 decoding process

Look dumbfounded, right? There are many concepts here that need to be explained one by one.

Bitstream: Bitstream is a content distribution protocol. It uses an efficient software distribution system and peer-to-peer technology to share large files (such as a movie or TV show) and allows each user to provide upload services as a network redistribution node. (Because no professional has studied this content, I will interpret it as a datum for now, and the internal content will have time to discuss.)

Synchronization and error checking – The transmission and synchronization of mp3 data streams are based on frames. A frame is the smallest format unit of MP3, it can no longer be divided. The header of each frame contains basic information about the current frame, including timing information. The composition of the sync information is ‘1’ which contains 12 consecutive bits. The first step in the mp3 video decoding job is to synchronize the decoder with the input data stream. After starting the decoder, it can be done by looking for 12 consecutive bits of ‘1’s in the data. Once the synchronization information is obtained, the subsequent frame header information is: frame header information, which includes information such as sampling rate, padding bits, and bit rate.

Huffman decoding: You can understand it this way, I do a one to one correspondence between different data through a table and use this corresponding code to represent the original information, then the number with high frequency, I use the shortest possible code to represent Numbers that appear less frequently are represented by longer codes. This reduces the amount of content that the information represents. And after transmission, it can be restored according to this comparison code. Probably the beginning is this.

Reverse quantization is the reverse of the quantization process. If you want to understand this, you need to learn the quantization process.

IMDCT: IMDCT is the abbreviation, the full name is: Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform). In MP3, this algorithm must be used to transform the input data from the frequency domain to the cosine domain and perform compensation operations on the subband filtering. The inverse quantized signal is transformed using the inverse discrete cosine transform formula.

The Conversion Program Described In The MP3 Format.

Today, most of the records that people listen to almost every day are made in the form of the ubiquitous MP3 files, as they are the most common and popular format for storing sound information in terms of.

Now, the nature of this type of data, the codec itself, and the history of coding principles will be discussed. There will also be practical tips on how to convert MP3 files of a different type to another format or create MP3 files, other than that. This is very simple, however, subject to the use of special procedures.

WHAT IS THE MP3 FORMAT?
To date, only a few consider the fact that a voice is in this format. Basically, if you’re not into the nature of audio coding principles, all I can say is that you’re compressing audio information.

MP3 format

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Previously, the basic format for storing music files was WAV. This information takes up too much space on the hard drive, and over time this type of data has become quite inconvenient. In particular, it refers to those times when music began to actively reside on the Internet. That’s when, and audio compression is necessary to reduce the size of the source material. In fact, if we convert the WAV format to MP3, the space saving becomes immediately apparent (the track needs 10 times less space, plus the structure of the new format is described like this, you can even enter some information about the track, for example , the name of the artist, song, album, year of release, and also put some basic technical characteristics of the audio).

Convert MP3 files

It is set to a specific text field in the file structure, called an ID3 tag, after completing all the information that can be displayed in the player window.

HISTORY

In today’s world there are many disagreements about who exactly creates this type of data. Although the MP3 format is accepted, so to speak, a more general concept of MPEG, established by the company Moving Picture Experts Group, the development of the actual encoding technology in MP3 is the Fraunhofer Institute group, which first proposed the The Lame MP3 encoder that uses the codec Who is, is the first criterion in this regard.

WAV to MP3

This was in the mid-90s, however, then this audio (MP3 file) could only be played with the help of a software player, so the new technology was widely adopted until then. It has released the first home player and the portable player is only used as a single at the beginning of this standard. However, it now has many competitors. It is only linked to the rationale for encoding, by which the amount of starting material can be reduced.

ENCODING AND COMPRESSION OF THE MAIN SOUND.
During this process, when the source material is translated into MP3 format, the most important thing: not all cuts are recognized by the human ear at the domestic level. Generally speaking, the track will have a standard sample rate of 44,100 Hz with a bit rate of 320 kbit/s and 128 kbit/s; it’s hard to see the difference in sound. This is why certain characteristics of the audio are reduced during the compression process.

The difference can only be perceived by people’s already sensitive ears or by using sounds from specialized programs. In fact, hardly anyone in the studio works in compressed MP3 format. He’s only involved in the final stages of mastering and post-production, when all tracks need to align quantity to normalize which areas to release to release the full album. Stop after this.

BASIC SOUND CHARACTERISTICS

As we all know, any audio material has several main parameters that determine its sound quality. And here the MP3 format is not an exception. The most important characteristics of the considered sampling frequency (the most common standard 44.1 kHz), the bit rate (accepted values for the basic standard of 128 kbit/s) and the sound mode (mono, stereo, 5.1 surround , 6.1 or 7.1). In general, the latter option is not always considered, and the focus for determining any quality tracking is much more than the first two features.

Analysis of the MP3 decoding algorithm principle. Part 2

Mp3 Decoding

Synchronization and error checking includes header information decoding module.

After the main control module starts to work, the main control module transfers the data buffer of the bit stream to the synchronization and error checking module. This module includes two functions, namely header information decoding and frame decoding Side information decoding, scale factor decoding and Huffman decoding are performed according to your information, and the obtained results are obtained after of inverse quantization, stereo decoding, alias reduction, IMDCT, frequency inversion, and synthetic polyphase filtering. of the left and right channels is put into the output buffer by the main control module and sent to the sound playback device (in short, it’s very complicated).

The data in the input buffer is the original mp3 compressed data stream. The DSP control module provides a buffer larger than the maximum possible frame length at a time. This buffer is the same as the data after the last offset (must be less than one frame) concatenated to form a new buffer.

The data stored in the output buffer is the decoded PCM data, which represents the amplitude of the sound. It consists of a fixed-length buffer. Calling the DSP control module’s interface function returns the main pointer. After the output buffer is filled, interrupt processing is called to output it to the audio ADC chip ( stereo audio DAC and audio ADC) connected to the I2S interface. DirectDrive headphone amplifier) to output analog sound.

Analysis of the MP3 decoding algorithm principle.

mp3 decoding

If you are interested in audio and video technology, you can subscribe to my Video Player and Audio and Video Basics topics.

MP3 DECODING

1: Introduction to the general structure of the MP3 codec
MP3 decoding process

Look dumbfounded, right? There are many concepts here that need to be explained one by one.

Synchronization and error checking – The transmission and synchronization of mp3 data streams are based on frames. A frame is the smallest format unit of MP3, it can no longer be divided. The header of each frame contains basic information about the current frame, including timing information. The timing information consists of ‘1’s containing 12 consecutive bits. The first step in the mp3 video decoding job is to synchronize the decoder with the input data stream. After starting the decoder, it can be done by looking for 12 consecutive bits of ‘1’s in the data. Once the synchronization information is obtained, the subsequent frame header information is: frame header information, which includes information such as sampling rate, padding bits, and bit rate.

Reverse quantization is the reverse of the quantization process. If you want to understand this, you need to learn the quantization process.

Mp3 (an audio encoding method) Part 3

MP3 ENCODING

To generate bit-compliant (Layer 1.Layer 2.Layer 3) MPEGAudio files, ISO MPEG Audio committee members developed reference simulation software in C called ISO 11172-5.

MP3 ENCODING

It can demonstrate the first real-time DSP-based hardware decoding of compressed audio on some non-real-time operating systems. Various other MPEG audio was developed in real time for digital broadcasting (DAB radio and DVB TV) for consumer receivers and set-top boxes.
Later on July 7, 1994, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft released the first MP3 encoder called l3enc.
The Fraunhofer development team selected the .mp3 extension on July 14, 1995 (previously the extension was .bit). Using Winplay3 (released September 9, 1995), the first real-time software MP3 player, many people were able to encode and play MP3 files on their own personal computers. Since hard drives at the time were relatively small (such as 500MB), this technology was essential for storing entertainment music on computers.
MP2, MP3 and Internet
In October 1993, MP2 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2) files appeared on the Internet and were often played by Xing MPEG Audio Player and later MAPlay developed by Tobias Bading for Unix. MAPplay was first released on February 22, 1994 and ported to the Microsoft Windows platform.
The only MP2 encoder products at first were Xing Encoder and CDDA2WAV, a CD ripper that converts audio tracks from CDs to WAV format.
Often considered the father of the online music revolution, the Internet Underground Music Archive (IUMA) was the first hi-fi music site on the Internet, with thousands of licensed MP2 recordings before MP3 and the web became popular. .
From the first half of 1995 to the end of the 1990s, MP3 began to flourish on the Internet. MP3’s popularity is largely due to the success of companies and software packages such as Winamp released by Nullsoft in 1997 and Napster released by Napster in 1999, and they are mutually reinforcing. These programs make it easy for normal users to play, create, share and collect MP3 files.
The debate about sharing MP3 files between peers has spread rapidly in recent years, mainly because compression makes file sharing possible, uncompressed files are too large to share. Since MP3 files are widely spread over the Internet, Napster has been sued by some of the major record labels to protect their copyright (see Copyright).
Commercial online music distribution services, such as the iTunes Music Store, often choose other proprietary or DRM-enabled music file formats to control and limit the use of digital music. Formats that support DRM are used to protect copyrighted material from copyright infringement, but most protection mechanisms can be broken in some way. Computer experts can use these methods to generate unlocked files that can be freely copied. One notable exception is Microsoft’s Windows Media Audio 10 format, which has yet to be cracked. If a compressed audio file is desired, the recorded audio stream must be compressed and the sound quality will be degraded.
streaming audio quality
Because MP3 is a lossy compression format, it offers a variety of options for different “bit rates,” that is, the number of encoded data bits needed to represent the audio per second. Typical speeds are between 128 kbps and 320 kbps (kbit/s). In contrast, the uncompressed audio bitrate on a CD is 1411.2 kbps (16 bits/sample × 44100 samples/sec × 2 channels).
MP3 files encoded with lower bit rates generally play at a lower quality. If you use too low a bitrate, “compression artifact” (sounds not present in the original recording) will appear during playback. A good example of compression noise is the sound of compressed cheering; due to its randomness and sharp changes, encoder errors are more pronounced and sound like echoes.

Mp3 (an audio encoding method) Part 2

mp3 3ncoding

MPEG-1 Audio Layer 2 encoding began as a digital audio broadcast (DAB) managed by Egon Meier-Engelen at the German Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt (later known as Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, German Space Center). )draft.

mp3 encoding

This project is funded by the European Union as a EUREKA research project, and its name is commonly known as EU-147. The study period for EU-147 was from 1987 to 1994.
2. By 1991, two proposals had emerged: Musicam (called Layer 2) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectrum Sensing Entropy Coding). The Musicam method proposed by Philips of the Netherlands, CCETT of France, and the Institut für Rundfunktechnik of Germany was chosen due to its simplicity, error robustness, and lower computational effort in high-quality compression. The Musicam format based on subband coding is a key factor in determining the MPEG audio compression format (sample rate, frame structure, header, sample points per frame). This technology and its design philosophy are fully integrated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I, II and later Layer III (MP3) formats. The standard was developed by Leon van de Kerkhof (Layer I) and Gerhard Stoll (Layer II) under the auspices of Prof. Mussmann (University of Hannover).
3. A working group consisting of Leon Van de Kerkhof from the Netherlands, Gerhard Stoll from Germany, Yves-François Dehery from France and Karlheinz Brandenburg from Germany absorbed design ideas from Musicam and ASPEC and added their own design ideas to develop an MP3. MP3 can achieve MP2 sound quality from 192 kbit/s to 128 kbit/s.
4. All of these algorithms eventually became part of the first group of MPEG standards, MPEG-1, in 1992, resulting in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 published in 1993. Further work on MPEG audio was eventually became part of the MPEG-2 standard, a second group of MPEG standards developed in 1994, officially known as ISO/IEC 13818-3, first published in 1995.
5. The compression efficiency of the encoder is generally defined by the bit rate, because the compression rate depends on the number of bits (: in: bit depth) and the sampling rate of the input signal. However, there are often products that use CD parameters (44.1 kHz, two channels, 16 bits per channel, or 2×16 bits) as the compression ratio reference, and the compression ratio using this reference is usually higher, which which also shows that the compression ratio is very important for lossy compression problems.
6. Karlheinz Brandenburg used Suzanne Vega’s song Tom’s Diner on CD to test MP3 compression algorithms. This song is used because the song’s smooth and simple melody makes it easier to hear glitches in the compressed format during playback. Some jokingly refer to Suzanne Vega as “the mother of MP3”. Some more serious and critical audio extracts (glockenspiel, triangle, accordion…) from the EBU V3/SQAM reference CD are used by professional audio engineers to assess the subjective perceived quality of the MPEG audio format.

Mp3 (an audio encoding method)

Mp3 encxoding

MP3 is an audio compression technology, its full name is Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer III, called MP3.

mp3 encoding

It is designed to drastically reduce the amount of audio data. Using MPEG Audio Layer 3 technology, music is compressed into a smaller capacity file with a compression ratio of 1:10 or even 1:12, and for most users, playback quality is not as good as the original uncompressed. audio Significant decrease. It was invented and standardized in 1991 by a group of engineers at the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft research organization in Erlangen, Germany. Music stored in the form of MP3 is called MP3 music, and a machine that can play MP3 music is called an MP3 player.

Motion Picture Expert Compression Standard Audio Layer 3 foreign name Moving Picture Expert Group Audio Layer III research organization Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft type audio coding advantage Drastically reduce the amount of audio data defect sound quality loss
content
1 Features
2 story
▪ origin
▪ go to the masses
3 audio quality
4 patent issues
transmission characteristics
MP3 converts the time-domain waveform signal to a frequency-domain signal by taking advantage of the human ear’s insensitivity to high-frequency sound signals and splits it into multiple frequency bands, using different compression rates. for different frequency bands and increasing the compression ratio for high frequencies (even ignoring the signal) Use a small compression ratio for low frequency signals to ensure that the signal is not distorted. In this way, it is equivalent to discarding the high-frequency sound that is basically inaudible to the human ear [1], keeping only the audible low-frequency part, thus compressing the sound with a compression ratio of 1:10 or even 1: 12. Because the full name of this compression method is called MPEG Audio Player3, people call it MP3 for short.
According to the MPEG specification, AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) in MPEG-4 will be the next generation of the MP3 format.
Compared to CD, FLAC and APE lossless compression formats, the sound quality of the highest parameter MP3 (320 Kbps) is not much different.
MP3 players are dying
When they first came out, MP3 players were at the forefront of the digital revolution. However, sales of iPods and other MP3 players in the UK fell sharply in 2012 as consumers turned to other digital products such as smartphones.
In 2012, sales of MP3 players in the UK market were £110m ($178m), just 29% of the £381m in 2011, according to market research firm Mintel. Mintel expects total MP3 player sales in the UK market to halve by 2017. In the worst case scenario, total MP3 player sales in the UK market will be just 25 million dollars five years later. [23]
1. MP3 is a data compression format;
2. Discards pulse code modulation (PCM) audio data that is not important to the human ear (similar to JPEG is a lossy image compression), resulting in a much smaller file size;
3. MP3 audio can be compressed according to different bit rates, providing a variety of trade-offs between data size and sound quality. The MP3 format uses a mixed conversion mechanism to convert audio domain signals. time in frequency domain signals;
4. 32 band polyphase integral filter (PQF);
Modified discrete cosine filter (MDCT) of 5, 36 or 12 taps; each subband size can be independently selected between 0…1 and 2…31;
6. MP3 not only has extensive client software support, but also has a lot of hardware support, such as portable media players (referring to MP3 players), DVD and CD players, outgoing calls

The relationship between frequency, bit rate, bit rate and sound quality of MP3 Part 2

MP3

What is the difference in MP3 sound quality of various compression ratios/compression modes?

Mp3

What are some basic principles? How about the sound quality of other formats like APE/WMA/etc?
Speaking of mp3, I am afraid no one will say that they have never heard of it. Even if you are not an mp3 user, there are ubiquitous advertisements, advertising activities in the city, discussions between friends and the Internet. Rich resources, these always give you a little impression, right? For trendy youngsters, especially friends who like music and friends who like digital devices, mp3 is probably a word that should be talked about every day, but what is mp3, how to determine mp3 sound quality and what is good or How can I listen to high quality mp3? ? ? I think the following article can help you solve many doubts.
Across current mp3 users, the generally accepted standard for production is eac recording + lame compression. Those who are experienced in such production process will figure out some tricks and use different parameter and parameter settings for different music. The compression ratio varies from the standard 128 kbps to the maximum of 320 kbps, but what is the difference and the difference in effect between these bit rates? ? How is the most suitable compression ratio, which one should be better for cbr and vbr etc. These topics are often discussed by everyone. Let me share with you some of my feelings.
The repertoire selected for this test is the first track of Bach’s “Grandenburg Concerto”, performed by the Munich Bach Orchestra, eac track capture software, cd’ex compression software, fooba2000 v0.8 playback software and listening earphones are er6 from Intech and e3c from Shure. Because the classical repertoire has a lot of detail, the band is large, and the requirements for all aspects of sound quality are relatively high, so it can clearly reflect the difference in detail between different processing methods.
I first grabbed the track with rac, and then used the lame mp3 encoder (vision 1.92 engine 3.92) engine in the cd’ex software to process the wav file. I tried the lick parameters one by one to choose a good effect:
The first thread priority parameter selects the highest and lowest respectively. When other parameters are equal, the compression comparison shows that the degree of thread priority has no effect on the sound. The generated files are all the same size, and the comparison sounds the same, so these parameters have no effect on the sound quality.
The second parameter is the version, which can be selected between mpegI, mpegII and mpegII.V. Similarly, the other parameters are determined and these three options are used to compress three times. After listening, although the file sizes of the three methods are all the same, but the actual listening feeling of mpegI is better. The mid-low frequency compression ratio is a bit smaller, but the high frequency distortion is a bit more. It is more suitable for listening to human voice and pop music. It is also good to use mpegI type to listen to classical music, the sound background is better, but if it is solo music with a lot of mid and high frequencies like violin, it is recommended to use mpegII.v type, which will have better results.
The third parameter is the most important, which is the bit rate. Choosing it directly affects the size and listening experience of your mp3 file. The higher the compression ratio, the higher the distortion, and the lower the compression ratio, the lower the distortion, but how do we find one for ourselves? What is the acceptable balance between the two? This requires careful exploration in the experiment. Considering that the sound quality of low bitrate files is not suitable for playing music, the minimum set is 128kbps, and four fixed bitrate files of 128, 192, 256 and 320 are used for comparison. and try.
The compression ratio of 128 kbps is still relatively rough, and the high-frequency part is highly distorted after compression. It sounds hollow, wrinkled, rough, and there are often flickering sounds. Misunderstanding, the compressed volume of a 3 minute 39 piece of music is 3414kb, although the volume is not large, the sound is not satisfactory, and there is a relatively large flaw.
192kbps bitrate compression effect is much better than 128.

The relationship between MP3 frequency, bit rate, bit rate and sound quality

Each song is ripped from a CD, converted to a WAV file, and then converted to MP3 using software.

Mp3

So it should be a sample rate of 44100 KHz. Unless yours is not a song, but is recorded as a WAV file, and another sample rate is selected during recording.
The main factor that affects the sound quality of MP3 is the bit rate. Now the best is 320K CBR (fixed bit rate) and VBR (variable bit rate), VBR files are a bit smaller than CBR. 192K VBR is the most popular on the Internet, which can meet the requirements of both sound quality and file size, but I usually use CD to rip tracks or download APE (lossless compression, which can be restored to WAV file) and then convert it to 320K VBR.
Final reminder: MP3 transcoding is distorted and this distortion cannot be reversed. That is, if you convert MP3 to WAV sound quality, the file size increases dozen times, but the sound quality remains the same as MP3 sound quality.
If you want to hear low distortion, it’s better to listen to a CD or download APE.
First of all, sound quality is a very subjective thing!
It is often said that the sound quality is good, one means that the degree of reproduction is good, that is, the smaller the difference with the recording, the better; As for mp3, mp3 is a compressed format, the higher the bitrate, the less compression and less loss of detail, that is, the higher the bitrate, the closer to the original sound. But sound quality is also related to your output device, such as a good mp3 player and a good pair of headphones, all of which will help your listening quality!
So, if you want to improve sound quality, you can also start from the above perspectives and not overemphasize any one of them. When you have higher requirements for sound quality, you can give up mp3 and directly switch to stop CD. The CD carries waveform files, which are completely lossless in sound quality, which will give better results.
If you want to reduce distortion, the only way is to increase the bit rate. It is best to use variable bit rate (VBR) compression to produce mp3 files, which can strike a balance between maximum fidelity and minimum file size.
Finally, if you want completely lossless sound quality, you should still use audio files in a lossless compression format or an uncompressed file format. How good is the sound quality in MP3 format?

MP3 decoding algorithm.Part 2

MP3 decoding algorithm.

The Conversion Program Described In The MP3 Format.

Analysis of the MP3 decoding algorithm principle. Part 2

Analysis of the MP3 decoding algorithm principle.

Mp3 (an audio encoding method) Part 3

Mp3 (an audio encoding method) Part 2

Mp3 (an audio encoding method)

The relationship between frequency, bit rate, bit rate and sound quality of MP3 Part 2

The relationship between MP3 frequency, bit rate, bit rate and sound quality

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