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Relationship between bit rate and video quality

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Relationship between bit rate and video quality

Video Bitrate

Do you know the “bit rate” when recording movies?

Video Bitrate

Bit rate is a value that indicates the speed of data transfer and is one of the factors that determines the image quality of video. Basically the larger the size, the higher the image quality.

Actually, I didn’t understand anything at first, so I tried to summarize it briefly this time.

Video camera image quality
In general, I think the following three are the main factors that determine the image quality of a video.

1. Image size (FHD, 4K, etc.) → Number of pixels in the photo. Larger images (more dots (number of pixels) that make up an image) look better when viewed on a compatible monitor.
2. Frame rate (24p, 60p, etc.) → How many frames are taken per second? The more, the smoother the movement will be (it does not mean it should be smooth).
3. Bit rate (100Mbps, 400Mbps, etc.) → Close to the JPEG compression rate in the photo. The higher the value, the more elements make up the video and the higher the image quality.

Of these, I think the image size and frame rate are relatively easy to understand, but what is the “bit rate”?

Simply put, how much data are you sending to the media per second? With the value of, the higher the data capacity, the better the image quality. It may be close to the compression rate of JPEG in photos. The lower the compression, the better the image quality, but the larger the data, right? On the contrary, a large amount of data means that the compression rate is low and the image quality is good.

This large amount of data means that the bit rate is high.

It is usually expressed in units of Mbps (megabit per second). I think there were many single lens digital cameras in the past at around 25-50Mbps, but recently, especially high-end models, many models with high bit rates exceeding 100Mbps have been lined up.

For example, the bit rate of the FUJIFILM X-T1 is not disclosed, but it is probably between 35 and 50 Mbps. On the other hand, the successor X-T2 has a significantly higher bit rate of 100 Mbps As a result, the image quality when recording movies has improved dramatically.

It’s more! On X-H1, it is 200 Mbps, which is double the value. I tried ETERNAL mode the other day and the FUJIFILM camera I received from the X-T10 I was using before is a high quality camera that completely nullifies the poor video performance image.

Image quality comparison based on different bit rates
Here, I would like to compare the image quality of two FUJIFILM X-T1 (probably around 40 Mbps) and X-H1 (100 Mbps: FHD / 30p) models to verify the effectiveness of high bit rates.

The X-H1 has a 100Mbps bit rate even when shooting at FHD 30P, so you must use a card with a UHS speed class 3 (V30) standard or higher that supports high speed bit rates.

SD card

First, let’s record the same time and compare the file sizes to see if there really is a difference in bitrate. This also means checking how different the bit rate is from the X-H1 because the bit rate of the X-T1 is private.

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Detailed Explanation of Bitrates for Video and Music Files Part 3

What is a bit rate?

Detailed Explanation of Bitrates for Video and Music Files Part 3

bitrate

If you compare them closely, you can clearly see the difference. High-bit-rate video data is beautifully displayed on desktop wood grain and guitar string details, but on low-bit-rate video data, details are squashed and block noise appears on the front of the sofa. .

BITRATE

Setting a low bit rate reduces data capacity, but has the disadvantage of degrading image quality.

Block noise Noise
which appears as a square block when the display data is simplified into images.
Difference in sound quality based on bit rate
Waveform image with high audio bit rate
High bit rate audio file waveform (1536k bps)

Waveform image with low audio bit rate
Low bit rate audio file waveform (32k bps)

It is a comparison of two data with the same music data but with different bit rates. If you look at the waveform, you can clearly see that the height and density of the waveform are smaller for the music data with a lower bit rate because the data is removed.

Audio files with a low bit rate will sound like you are listening to a radio cassette player.

How does the image quality and sound quality change when the bit rate is converted?
The bit rate can be changed later by encoding work.

If you convert high bit rate video or audio data to a low bit rate, the image quality and sound quality will be reduced as the bit rate is set low for both image quality. as for sound quality. At this time, if the image quality and sound quality after conversion are within the allowable range, there is basically no problem.

Conversely, converting low bit rate video and audio data to high bit rate causes problems. If you check the converted data, the bit rate certainly becomes high, but there is no change in image quality or sound quality.

It should be noted here that it cannot be converted to a quality higher than the image quality and sound quality of the video and audio data that have already been converted to data.

If you want high image quality and high sound quality, you need to be careful about the timing of the video data creation and the setup of recording devices such as video cameras.

Note that you can basically reduce the high bitrate things, but not the low bitrate things.

Relationship between bit rate and frame rate
Simply increasing the frame rate will increase the bit rate.

For example, if you have 60fps and 30fps videos, the 60fps video will require twice the bit rate.

However, keep in mind that the actual bit rate may differ depending on the encoding method used when creating the video file. Keep it in mind as a guide.

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Finally
To summarize the bit rate

Data flow for 1 second, unit is bps
The higher the bit rate, the more data will move
If the bit rate is high, the videos and music will be beautiful. But the file size also increases
The lower the bit rate, the smaller the file size. But the videos and music deteriorate
Even if you convert a low bit rate to a high bit rate later, the quality does not change, but the file size increases.
As the frame rate increases, so does the bit rate. Simply because the amount of information (amount of data) per second increases.
This concludes the explanation of bit rates.

Detailed explanation of bit rates for video and music files Part 2

What is a bit rate?

Detailed explanation of bit rates for video and music files Part 2

Bitrate

How to check the bit rate
You can check the bit rate by looking at the detailed information of video files and music files on both Windows and Mac.

BitRate

How to check bitrate in Windows 10
Click Properties on the context menu of the video or audio file for which you want to check the bit rate.

Video file properties
The properties window will open, so click the Details tab. The bitrate purification method is shown on the video and audio items.

In Windows 10 video file properties, you can see three bit rates. Check the red frame in the figure above.

Data rate is the bit rate of the video data.
Total bit rate is the bit rate of the video file, including video data and audio data.
The bit rate of the audio elements is the bit rate of the audio data, isn’t it?
Video file bit rate
As you can see from the image above, the video file contains both video data and audio data, so there is a bit rate for each of the video data and audio data.

How to check the bitrate on your Mac
Open the video file in QuickTime.

On the QuickTime menu, click Window> Show Movie Inspector.

Mac Video File Inspector
The inspector is displayed. The item called data rate is the bit rate of the video file.

Image quality comparison due to bit rate differences
Bit rate comparison, original image
This image was exported from the video data.

With this video data, we prepare a video data set with a high bit rate and a low bit rate.

Detailed explanation of bit rates for video and music files

What is a bit rate?

Detailed explanation of bit rates for video and music files

Bitrate

What is a bit rate?

Bitrate

Bitrate is an unavoidable experience in video editing and music production.

The word bit rate sounds a bit complicated, but of course, video and audio files. It is also often found in various situations, such as mobile phones and internet lines.

What is the bit rate? It’s surprisingly useful to remember it sensually, so remember it.

I think the person who visited this page is a beginner asking “What is bitrate?” So I hope I can explain it in the easiest and simplest way possible.

Bit rate basics
To briefly explain the bit rate, it refers to the amount of data per second for communication, such as video files, music files, and the Internet.

The so-called reproduction and communication are data streams. This stream uses a unit called bps (bit per second) to indicate how many bits flow in one second (per second).

I think it is easy to understand if you can imagine the road that a car passes by. The car is the data and the data stream is the road.

Taking into account that a road with many cars carries many people and luggage, it can be said that a lot of data (information) flows. This is called high bit rate.

On the contrary, if there are few cars in motion, it can be said that little data (information) flows. This is called a low bit rate.

Image of many cars on the road.
A state in which the amount of data is large and the bit rate of the stream is high

Image that there are not many cars on the road.
A state in which the amount of data is small and the bit rate is low

Should the bit rate be high?
A high bit rate means a lot of information. If there is a lot of information, it sounds great, like high image quality for videos and high sound quality for music, but it has a big disadvantage.

The disadvantage of a high bit rate is that it increases the data capacity of a single file. If the data capacity is too large, it can take time to send someone or move data between hard drives, making it difficult to manage.

Therefore, the codec was developed to reduce data capacity while maintaining high image quality and high sound quality. I’ll talk about codecs another time, but it is necessary to set the bitrate keeping in mind the balance between image quality, sound quality and file capacity so that the data capacity is easy to handle.

What is the standard bitrate for smartphone videos? Part 3

Smartphone

Estimated audio bit rate
In the case of audio bit rate, “128 kbps” is basically a guide.

Smartphone bit rate

Generally, for lossy codecs like MP3, AAC, WMA, AC3, Vorbis, a voice bit rate of around 128 kbps is sufficient. On the other hand, if the video is geared towards sound quality, it should be around “192-320kbps”.

Three Points to Consider When Considering the Bitrate of Smartphone Videos

There are a few things to keep in mind when considering the bitrate of your smartphone video.

When creating a video, you should use the appropriate bitrate for factors like size, but when considering bitrate, you need to keep three points in mind.

Here, we will introduce three points to keep in mind when considering the bitrate of smartphone videos, so why not refer to what kind of points to keep in mind?

Bit rate notes 1: The numbers are just a guide.
The proper bitrate for smartphone videos is just a guide.

The bitrate of a video involves multiple factors, not just the size of the image. For example, if you want to save a video with a lot of movement in high quality and a video with little movement that you want to save in medium quality, the appropriate bit rate will be different even if the image size is the same.

So, consider the bitrate you need as a guide only.

Bit rate note 2: consider the resolution according to your purpose
Let’s decide the optimal resolution according to the purpose of the smartphone video.

Even if you call it a smartphone video, it does not mean that a video with almost no motion and a video with high motion should have the same resolution. It is important to select the one that suits your purpose, such as high resolution for videos showing precise movements and low resolution for videos with little movement.

Therefore, when considering the resolution of a video, consider what the video is about.

For seminar videos
Since the seminar video is almost motionless, no high resolution is required.

The seminars and training videos aren’t particularly poignant videos, so lower resolutions won’t be a problem. For example, there is not a big difference between a low image quality of about 300 kbps and a high image quality of about 1500 Kbps, so it is recommended to make a light and low quality video.

For promotional videos
For promotional videos, it is a good idea to have a certain resolution.

It is not attractive that the resolution is low and that the video does not look beautiful in the video for internal promotion. However, it depends on the content of the video itself, so if you are not sure about the resolution, it is recommended to prepare a higher resolution and a slightly lower resolution and compare them.

For sports videos
High resolution is best for sports videos.

The bit rate has the characteristic that it is required since the difference with the previous frame is greater, and it is necessary to set it higher for videos with a lot of movement.

Therefore, if the resolution of the sports video is low, the outline will be broken and the color will fade, resulting in a stressful video.

Bit rate note 3: consider file size
The higher the bit rate, the larger the file size.

Of course, it depends on the content of the video, but as the bitrate increases, so does the file size, so this needs to be taken into account.

What is the standard bitrate for smartphone videos? Part 2

smartphone bit rate

Video Terms to Remember 1: Resolution
Resolution is the number of vertical and horizontal pixels in a video.

Smartphone BITRATE

The higher the resolution, the better the image will look. For example, if you prepare the same image with the same resolution of “640 x 360” and “2560 x 1440”, the latter will be clearer in detail.

Also, both the resolution and the pixel refer to vertical and horizontal pixels, but in the case of the number of pixels, it is expressed by the total number, so if the resolution is “1980 x 1080”, the number of pixels will be “2,138,400”.

Video term 2: frame rate to remember
Frame rate is the number of still images per second of video.

The frame rate unit is “FPS (Frames Per Second)”. Since a video is made up of a collection of continuous still images, the higher the frame rate, the smoother the video. However, the amount of data will increase accordingly.

Therefore, it is important to set the frame rate to the appropriate size according to the purpose of the video.

Video Term 3: Codec to Remember
A codec is a codec that compresses and decompresses audio and video data.

The larger the size of the video, the greater the amount of data, and the higher the quality, the larger the file size. Therefore, it is necessary to compress the data with a codec.

For example, there are types such as “MPEG-4” and “MPEG-2” for video codecs and “MP3”, “AAC” and “FLAC” for audio codecs.

Estimated bit rate suitable for smartphone videos

For smartphone videos, the standard bit rate is “300 kbps” or “600 kbps”.

Taking as an example the frame size that is often used for inline distribution, if the frame size is 480 x 270 px, 360 x 270 px, the bit rate is “300 kbps” and if the frame size is 640 x 360 px, 480 x 360 px, the bit rate is “600 kbps” will be a guide.

What is the standard bitrate for smartphone videos?

Bitrate

In this article, we’ll give you an overview of bit rates, guidelines for suitable bit rates for smartphone videos, and points to keep in mind when considering bit rates for smartphone videos, so check them out.

smartphone bit rate

What is the important bitrate for smartphone videos?
Bit rate is a term that refers to the amount of data per second.

The amount of data that can be sent and received in one second, and the unit is “bps (bit per second)”. For example, at 1 bps, 1 bit of data can be sent and received per second, and the higher the bit rate, the more data can be transferred.

Therefore, when making smartphone videos, it is necessary to consider the bit rate that viewers can comfortably watch.

Relationship to screen size
The larger the screen size, the greater the amount of data required and, conversely, the smaller the screen size, the less the amount of data.

Therefore, there is a reference bit rate for each screen size. If the screen size is 480 x 360, the bit rate is 500 to 700 Kbps, if it is HD 1280 x 720, it is around 2000 Kbps, and if it is full HD 1920 x 1080, it is around 4000 Kbps It is a guideline for the bit rate.

Three video terms to remember in advance

When creating a video, be aware of the video terminology.

In recent years, there have been many cases of video distribution in companies. However, there are many technical terms in the video, so you need to know the meaning of the terms in order to understand the video properly.

Here are three video terms to remember beforehand, so why not take a look at what they are?

Difference between CBR (fixed), VBR (variable) and ABR (average) [bit rate]

constant vs variable bit rate

CBR (constant bit rate)
VBR (variable bit rate)
ABR (average bit rate)
There are three types.

I will present the differences between them.

See the following article for the “bit rate”.

Reference: What is a bit rate? Relationship between image quality and sound quality [Video / Audio]
Related: Difference Between VFR (Variable) and CFR (Fixed) [Frame Rate]

Every feature
I will briefly explain each feature.

CBR (constant bit rate)
CBR (constant bit rate) is

A video with a constant video bit rate.

for instance,

Scenes with intense movement
Scenes with complex audio
Even in “scenes that require a large number of bit rates”, for example, the bit rate to be assigned is constant and

Motionless scene
Scene without audio
Even in “scenes that do not require a lot of bit rate”, the bit rate to be assigned is constant.

In this way, a video that assigns a constant bitrate to “Assign a constant bitrate!” In any scene it is called CBR (constant bit rate) video.

The following are the characteristics of CBR.

(○) Search (fast forward / rewind) is fast
Since the transfer rate is the same, you can search instantly.
(○) File size can be predicted
If you decide beforehand to “encode at XX bit rate”, you can predict the file size from resolution, frame rate, video length, codec, and so on.
(○) Easy to use as a material
In the case of video, there is no need to worry so much, but in the case of the sound source, various problems can occur such as drift of sound with VBR or ABR (so if there is a possibility that it will be used later to video edit material, etc. Better to encode with CBR)
(○) Fast encoding speed
It doesn’t change much, but unlike VBR and ABR, you don’t need to “predict” it, so encoding is faster.
(X) Image quality and sound quality are not very good for the file size
Even a monotonous scene that does not require a lot of bit rate allocation may be assigned a certain number, or a scene that requires a large bit rate may not have enough bit rate, so the image quality and sound quality for the file size. Cospa is bad
VBR (variable bit rate)
VBR (variable bit rate) is

A video whose bit rate varies depending on the scene.

VBR_figure

for instance,

Scenes with intense movement
Scenes with complex audio
In “scenes that require many bit rates”, such as assigning many bit rates and

Motionless scene
Scene without audio
For “scenes that do not require a lot of bit rate”, assign a lower bit rate.

In this way, a video that assigns only the required bitrate according to the scene, “You need this bitrate, don’t you?” It’s called VBR (Variable Bit Rate) video.

The following are the characteristics of VBR.

(○) Image quality (sound quality) by file size is the best
Compared to CBR and ABR, the image quality (sound quality) by file size is the best.
(△) Unpredictable file size after encoding
The file size cannot be predicted because the bit rate fluctuates extremely depending on the content of the material to be encoded. (However with the x264 encoder etc it is possible to predict because it puts an upper limit on the file size and allocates the maximum bit rate within that range)
(X) Old MP3 players may not play well
If you have an old MP3 player, the playing time display may be strange, the bit rate display may be strange, or you may not be able to play from beginning to end.
(X) When used as video editing material, it may cause sound drift.
For more information, see the following article
Reference: Causes and countermeasures for sound deviation [Encoding]
If you want to encode video with high image quality and low capacity, VBR is your choice.

By the way, in VBR, it is common to determine video quality by “quality standard” (CRF value in x264 encoder) rather than by “bit rate standard”.

For example, instead of saying “Encode at 192bps!”, Specify something like “Encode at

What is a bit rate?

Audio Bit rate

The bit rate in a video is “how much information is packed in one second”.

BIT RATE

What if the bit rate is high?
Basically, the higher the bit rate, the better the picture and sound quality.

* Although it is closely related to the “codec” described later, it will basically improve.

There are two types of bit rates
Bit rates are assigned separately for “video” and “audio”.

The higher the bit rate assigned to “video”, the better the “image quality”.
The higher the bit rate assigned to “voice”, the better the “sound quality”.
Also, the sum of the two bit rates is “is called the oval bit rate (total bit rate)”. (This oval bit rate is called “video bit rate”)

▲ If you open the video file properties and open the “Details” tab, you can see “What is the bit rate?”

(However, this Windows function is unreliable, so it is better to use video analysis software like MediaInfo)

soon,

Oval bit rate = video bit rate + audio bit rate
It becomes the calculation formula.

So even if it says “bit rate is high!”, It may mean “video bit rate is high” and “audio bit rate is not high”.

In other words, in such a case, the video will be “Image quality is good, but sound quality is not good …”.

Basically, the file size of “audio” is much smaller than that of “video”, so even if you increase the bitrate of “audio” significantly, the overall size of the file will not change as much.

Therefore, “speech” is often encoded uncompressed (linear PCM).

Relationship to image quality
The higher the “video” bit rate, the more accurate the color information that can be assigned to all pixels.

as a result

High bit rates improve image quality and
If the bit rate is low, the image quality will deteriorate.

▲ High bit rate (12 Mbps, 2.57 MB) ▲ Low bit rate (90 kbps, 20 KB)
* Actually, it is a gif video, so the bitrate is not accurate.

Bit rate difference

Also, in the case of a low bitrate, if you allocate bits evenly to all pixels, you will run out of bits, so in scenes where similar colors are continuous (such as a scene where the blue sky stretches without end), etc. Try to reduce the bits preferably.

As a result, “block noise” ↓ is likely to occur in such scenes.

Block noise
▲ Example of block noise (block noise)

Relationship to sound quality
The audio bit rate is

Sampling rate (Hz) x bit depth (bit) = bit rate (bps)
It can be expressed by the formula.

For example, when recording sound as digital data

How often do you record (= sample rate)
How much data is stored per interval (= bit depth)
Decide and register.

for instance,

Sampling frequency: 44000 Hz
Bit depth: 24 bit
If so, the sound is divided and recorded 44,000 times per second, and the sound is recorded using 24 bits for every 44,000 times.

In other words, if you want to improve the sound quality, you can increase the “sample rate” or “bit depth”.

Increase the sample rate → Soft sound
Increase the bit depth → Increase the expressiveness of the sound, such as finesse and volume
Reference: Meaning and Relationship of Sample Rate, Bit Depth, and Bit Rate

Relationship to codec
I mentioned earlier that “the higher the bit rate, the better the image quality and sound quality”, but the image quality and sound quality are “codecs”. they are closely related to the “.

A “codec” is something like a “compression algorithm” for compressing “video” and “audio”.

Reference: What is video format? Codec difference

for example, “the H.264 video codec” It is a very famous codec that is also used on Youtube and Nico Nico Douga,

(Addendum: Not used now …)

“H.265” which improved the “image quality by file size” from “H.264” There is a codec called “which.

“H.265” is “H.264 at about half the bit rate of”, “H.264 will get the equivalent of image quality and”. (The compression rate is double)

for instance,

Using “2Mbps” video bit rate with “H.264 codec”
Video using “2Mbps” bit rate with “H.265” codec
If there are two videos, the image quality of “H.265” is twice as beautiful even though the bit rate (file size) is the same.

MP3 bitrate types

MP3 bitrate types

Mp3 Bitrate

Bit rate

bitrate

CBR stands for constant bit rate, that is, a constant bit rate that is set by the user and does not change when the part is encoded. Therefore, every second of the part corresponds to the same number of bits of encoded data (even when encoding silence).

VBR stands for variable bit rate, that is, a variable bit rate or variable bit rate that the encoder program dynamically changes during encoding based on the saturation of the audio material being encoded and the encoding quality set by the user (for example, silence is encoded with the minimum bit rate). The downside to this encoding method is that VBR considers the quietest snippets to be “negligible” audio information, so it turns out that if you listen too loud, these snippets will be of poor quality, while CBR makes quiet and loud snippets with the same bit rate …

ABR stands for Average Bit Rate, that is, Average Bit Rate, which is a hybrid of VBR and CBR: the user sets the bit rate in kbit / s and the program varies it, constantly adjusting it to the specified bit. Velocity. Therefore, the codec will be careful to use the maximum and minimum possible bitrate values, as it runs the risk of not conforming to the bitrate specified by the user. This is a clear disadvantage of this method, as it affects the quality of the output file, which will be slightly better than using CBR, but worse than using VBR (with the same file size).

MP3 codecs

The type of programs required to convert file formats. The most common MP3 codecs are:

mp3PRO-codec (uses SBR frequency transform).
LAME codec
fraunhofer-codec