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AAC: Lossy Encoding Is Getting Better – AAC Format Summary

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AAC: Lossy Encoding Is Getting Better – AAC Format Summary

AAC Music File Format

At the time of writing this article, the MP3 codec is over 23 years old. So as not to repeat myself with the article (its most recent version), which already describes the OGG Vorbis codecs (and again hello to the Xiph organization, this is also its development), MPC (Musepack), WMA (Windows Media Audio) and AAC, I will briefly describe the format here. AAC in terms of technologies that until recently were at the forefront of lossy coding.

In my humble opinion, AAC (Advanced Audio Codec) is one of the most advanced formats in the field of data encoding. I will describe the main features of this format, starting with the popular profiles that can be represented by a matryoshka (see the figure below):

– Low Complexity Advanced Audio Coding (LC-AAC)

Low decoding complexity is great for implementing a hardware codec; The hardware requirements for CPU and RAM are also low, which has gained a lot of popularity for this profile. It encodes the 96 kbps signal efficiently.

– High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding (HE-AAC).

The HE-AAC profile is an extension of LC-AAC and is complemented by patented SBR (Spectral Band Replication, thick – “spectral repetition”) technology. It is spectral repetition technology that allows you to “preserve” high frequencies by encoding at low bit rates.

Why is “save” in quotes? Because the king is not real: the codec leaves room for additional information that is used by the codec synthesizer to restore the high frequencies, but since these frequencies are synthesized, that is, they are recreated by the codec, they are, in fact, a rough copy of the high frequencies that existed in the original file. … In practice, a signal encoded at 48 kbps will sound, for example, as mp3 at 98 kbps if it is supported by the decoder; otherwise, the file will simply be played without restoring the high frequencies and its bit rate will correspond to its mp3-like quality.

– High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding Version 2 (HE-AACv2)

This profile is relatively young (described in 2006), it was created for a more efficient audio coding in low bandwidth conditions.
The second version of the profile is an extension of the first profile, the changes are in the addition of PS (Parametric Stereo) technology. The principle is somewhat similar to SBR technology: the codec also makes room for recovery information from the stereo base, sacrificing precision.

The operating conditions for this profile are the same as for the HE-AAC described above; The lack of profile support from the decoder will make the recording sound in mono.

– AAC-LD (advanced audio coding – low delay)

The AAC-LD profile has advanced coding algorithms to reduce delays (up to 20 ms);

– AAC-ELD (Advanced Audio Coding – Enhanced Low Delay)

This profile, which inherits all the capabilities of HE-AACv2 (analogous SBR and PS technologies are used, but designed for low latencies);

– AAC main profile

This profile was introduced as MPEG-2 AAC or HC-AAC (High Complexity Advanced Audio Coding). Not compatible with LC-AAC;

– AAC-LTP (Advanced Audio Coding – Long Term Prediction)

This profile is more complex and resource intensive (but also of higher quality) than all the others. It is also not compatible with LC-AAC.

That’s all I wanted to write about this codec. I put the greatest emphasis on the technologies that are used in various AAC profiles (which, by the way, generate a lot of abbreviations: AAC, LC-AAC, eAAC +, aacPlus, HE-AAC, etc.), as I will compare them with the from Opus, but the codec does its job: it is widely used in Internet radio, as well as in digital radio transmission technologies: DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) and DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) (you can see these technologies here), YouTube , as an audio track for many videos in mp4, mkv, etc.

2. Introduction to Opus: description of the format

On December 21, 2017, Xiph announced the beta version of the Opus audio codec version 1.3. I will not go into important matters when I describe this codec, since such information is freely available (for example, here, here, and for those who know English, here and here). The release notes for this beta version can be found here. Here I will point out that this codec is an excellent candidate to replace other codecs. It has many advantages:

bit rate from 6 to 510 Kbit / s;
sampling frequency from 8 to 48 KHz;
support for constant bitrates (CBR) and variables (VBR);
support for narrowband and wideband audio;
support for voice and music;
support for stereo and mono;

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How AAC works

AAC Music File Format

Like MP3, AAC is a lossy music storage format. As in the case of the MP3 format, AAC encoding algorithms cut the highest and lowest frequencies, and also actively use the characteristics of a person’s hearing to remove information about sounds that a person cannot easily distinguish when listening to music. . As a result of compression, AAC files do not sound identical to CD-quality files, but in general the algorithms compress the music efficiently enough that most people overlook the fact that it has been deleted. resulting sound information.

AAC Audio Format

Like MP3, the quality of an AAC file is measured by its bit rate. Common AAC bit rates include 128 kbps, 192 kbps, and 256 kbps.

Without going into technical details, here are the reasons why AAC files sound better than MP3s:

AAC encoding uses samples with a wider frequency coverage from 8 to 96 kHz; mp3 encoding uses samples with coverage from 16 to 48 kHz
Up to 48 channels can be encoded, while MP3 encodes 2 channels in MPEG-1 mode and up to 5.1 channels in MPEG-2 mode
Arbitrary bit rates and variable frame lengths are used

Higher algorithm efficiency and simpler filter banks (instead of hybrid MP3 encoding, AAC uses pure MDCT method)
Greater precision is provided when encoding AAC sound using smaller sample sizes, which are equal to 128 or 120 units, while 192 units are used for mp3 encoding. In this case, the smaller sample size allows you to code more precisely, since the original sound wave is an analog signal, and for a more accurate description, it needs to be measured as often as possible. Therefore, a smaller sample size is better because it allows you to more accurately describe the analog nature of a sound wave in digital form.

Sound frequencies above 16 kHz are processed more efficiently. Let me remind you that in mp3 format these frequencies are simply erased
More progressive algorithms are used in stereo binding mode. Let me remind you that stereo stitching allows you not to store both channels separately, as in CD-quality recording. The common signal for both channels is stored and only the difference between the channels is stored separately from each other.
Additional modules were added to improve compression efficiency: TNS, Inverse Prediction, PNS and others
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How AAC works with iTunes

Apple adopted AAC as its primary audio format. All songs stored in iTunes Store and all songs streamed or downloaded from Apple Music are encoded in AAC format. All AAC files in the Apple ecosystem are encoded at 256 kbps.

Audio file format AAC

AAC files are designed to replace MP3 files. Lossy compression gives you better sound at the same bit rates. AAC files are standardized by ISO / IEC as part of the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 file families (originally they were members of the MPEG-2 Part 7 filegroup). AAS files contain a higher number of sample rates (compared to MP3) and up to 48 channels. Significantly improved encoding efficiency, including an increased number of filter sets. Enhanced transient signal coding accuracy. Like MP3 files, AAS files suppress sound at frequencies that a person cannot hear. This way you can reduce the file size. Compared to MP3, AAS files are much smaller.

AAC Format

Technical details of AAC files

MPEG-2 Part 7 files are represented by three types of files: Low Complexity AAC-LC, Main Type (AAC Main), and Variable Rate Files (AAC-SSR). AAS files allow temporary noise generation, uneven sampling, and repeated generation of the bitstream format (for 16 stereo channels, 16 mono channels, 16 low-frequency channels, and 16 channels for single bitstream annotation). In 1999, the MPEG-2 Part-7 format was incorporated into the MPEG-4 Part-3 format, allowing the introduction of audio object types as well as constant noise replacement technology. The AAC format is currently described in ISO / IEC 14496-3. Lossy compression uses sound masking to remove unnecessary information while maintaining quality.

Aac format

Additional information about the AAC format

Until now, the AAC format has not yet achieved mass distribution in audio media. However, in a number of parameters it exceeds all existing types of audio compression, which means that it deserves our attention.

What is this?

Let’s start with the definition: AAC is the proprietary (proprietary) option for compressing an audio file. At the same time, the quality loss when encoding is less than with MP3 at the same bit rate. Furthermore, the AAC format is a wideband algorithm for encoding audio that uses two fundamental encoding principles to greatly reduce the amount of data required to transmit high-quality digital audio. This solution is recognized as one of the highest quality implemented using lossy compression technology. The format is compatible with most modern devices, including laptops. It should be noted that ringtones in AAC format can be purchased from the iTunes store and that this store presents music that is only compressed with this solution. It should also be said that the AAC format was originally created as a successor to MP3, which can offer improved encoding quality. The solution was published in 1997 as the new seventh part of the MPEG-2 family.

All the details

Interestingly, the AAC format has a sample rate in the range of 8 to 96 kHz, as well as the number of channels in the range of 1 to 48. MP3 uses a set of hybrid filters. AAC, in turn, refers to the modified discrete cosine transform with an expanded “window” size that reaches 2048 points.

Therefore, compared to MP3, AAC is much better suited for encoding audio with complex pulse stream as well as square wave signals. The format was given the ability to dynamically change MDCT block lengths within 2048-256 points. In the case of a short or simple movement, a small 256-point “window” is used to achieve better resolution. In this case, a default 2048-point “window” is used to maximize encoding efficiency. AAC has several advantages over regular MP3. Noteworthy is the implementation of a large number of audio channels (up to 48), significant coding efficiency at constant and variable bit rates, and sample rates from 8 Hz to 96 kHz (for MP3 from 8 Hz to 48 kHz). and a more flexible special mode called Joint Stereo. The solution is “AAS +”, a codec designed for a low bit rate. It is a combination of SBR and AAC

What is the AAC format and what are the advantages over mp3?

Designated heir to MP3, it is the most widely used encoding format today. Compatible with YouTube, iPhone and Android, among others

AAC

More than twenty years of honorable career, which have allowed music to become truly “pop” and spread throughout the world, regardless of the playback device you use. This is the rather heavy legacy of MP3, a multimedia format created between the late 1980s and early 1990s by Italian engineer Leonardo Chiariglione. In its place we now find AAC, the audio file encoding standard developed by Bell Labs, Fraunhofer Institute, Dolby Labs, Sony, and Nokia at the beginning of the last century.

AAC

A lossy codec, AAC is considered a standard by both ISO (acronym for International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (acronym for International Electrotechnical Commission) and is an integral part of the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 specifications. After a few years “in the shadow” of MP3 encoding, today AAC encoding is by far the most widespread and adopted: it is the standard or default audio format for YouTube, iPhone, iPod, iPad, Nintendo DSi, Nintendo 3DS. , iTunes, DivX Plus Web Player, PlayStation 3 and is compatible with PlayStation Vita, Wii, Sony Walkman MP3, Android and BlackBerry.

Differences from MP3 files

The reason for this success is explained by the numerous improvements that this standard presents compared to the one conceived by Chiariglione. First of all, the AAC can guarantee better audio playback quality with the same file size (and therefore bit rate). This is because AAC encoding has a greater variety of samples (8 to 96 kilohertz, as opposed to 16 to 48 kilohertz samples allowed by the MP3 format) and supports a greater number of channels of audio playback (up to 48 channels).

This is combined with the increased flexibility and flexibility of AAC encoding, which allows engineers to design and implement encoding and decoding algorithms according to their needs. This flexibility encourages real competition, leading to more efficient and effective algorithms. Translated into simple words, an audio file converted with an AAC encoder at the same bit rate will guarantee, as already mentioned, better playback quality than many other competitive lossy formats.

What is the AAC?

MP3 has practically become synonymous with online audio, as it is capable of transforming your music into small files, ideal for sharing. However, the fact of having a “reasonable” audio quality displeases many people, opening the market to other more robust formats, such as AAC (Advanced Audio Coding).

AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) Bluetooth Audio Codec

Unlike FLAC, AAC is a lossy audio compression scheme that focuses not on audiophiles, but on users who want high-quality music without sacrificing large disk space or even their portable music players to store them.

Seen by the market as a successor to MP3, this format has big names behind its development, such as Sony, AT&T, Nokia and Dolby Laboratories, and has even been standardized by renowned ISO and IEC institutes. Many of our devices already use AAC as standard, like PlayStation 3 and Portable, Nintendo Wii and DSi, Andoid devices, iPhones and iPod, being the standard format used even in iTunes.

AAC

To explain AAC’s superiority over MP3, let’s look at some points of comparison:

-AAC achieves a higher level of audio quality without increasing file size. This is measured in Kbps (Kilobits per second) and the higher this number, the more transparent the sound will be and the more space will be needed for the file. A song compressed in AAC at 96 Kbps has a clearer sound than an MP3 at 128 Kbps, which means more quality in a smaller size;
-A very important parameter to estimate the “purity” of a song is its sampling frequency, because the higher the margin, the more details are stored. While MP3 has a range of 16KHz to 48KHz, AAC ranges from 8KHz to 96KHz;
An MP3 audio file only supports 5.1 channels in MPEG-2, while AAC is capable of playing up to 48 different channels in MPEG-4;
-The above data only explains the preference of many users and companies to replace MP3, which has been standard since 1993. The only drawback seen by some manufacturers is the need to pay royalties to the Dolby Digital encoder (decoder) and AAC decoder. , but this is something that already happens with the MP3 format, so who knows with a little negotiation things will be resolved.