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Digital recording formats

Digital Recording

Television video equipment using digital tape recording methods has been supplied for several years.

Digital Recording

However, the majority of television workers in the world still do not have a sufficiently clear idea of what a “digital” is, why it is needed and if it is worth working on it. The media specializing in television technology have focused on image quality, comparing the quality of digital formats, digital compression, artifacts, etc. Communication with television engineers shows that negative opinion often comes from the experience of working in incorrect settings, faulty equipment, or due to ignorance of the features and subtleties of the latest technology. That is why those who are now dedicated to television continue to be confused with the new concepts and prefer to use the old Betacam SP or the inferior, but familiar S-VHS. And some television executives, wanting to keep up and trying to make sense of the new teams, get misconceptions due to lack of information and focus their attention on insignificant details, missing highly profitable opportunities. Meanwhile, digital formats are developing rapidly, the range of relevant equipment is expanding,

So, in the process of developing video recording formats, the following main features have been improved:
– picture quality;
– operational capabilities;
– recording density and cost of 1 minute of recording;
– weight and size parameters of the videotape;
– the cost of purchasing and operating the equipment.

Image quality
Image quality generally refers to resolution, that is, the number of vertical lines reproduced. Of course, this is a cursory assessment, as there are many other, no less important parameters that are as perceptible to the human eye as the readability of the line. This review will also take into account the signal-to-noise ratio of the path, the quality of the composite, Y / C and component encoders / decoders, the effectiveness of the fight against tape drops. To a large extent, the evaluation of this parameter was quite subjective.

Operational capabilities
This concept includes everything related to the operation of the device in the system, operational functions, ease of use, integration capabilities, presence of interfaces and inputs and outputs, certain configuration characteristics, etc.

Recording density, cost per minute of recording, and video tape size and weight parameters
These are important parameters for the video recording format. They take into account three factors: the size and weight of the videotape, the duration of the recording, and the unit cost of one minute of recording. The higher the capacity of the cassette and / or the smaller its size, and / or the lower the unit cost, the higher the estimate.

Expenses
This parameter takes into account the cost of equipment, maintenance and spare parts. According to our system, a high score corresponds to a lower total cost of ownership and maintenance of equipment of one format or another.

In each new video format, developers strive to improve these indicators, but improvement in one indicator often occurs at the expense of others. But it must be admitted that the total level of indicators for all categories is growing from format to format.
Let us consider the video formats that are used in television centers in our country. Format features are rated on a 10-point scale, with ratings in parentheses after each feature. The effectiveness of the format will be determined by the total score.

Analog formats

Format Q (Ampex, NZTM)
Home television switched to video recording, using Q-format Kadr-3PM video recorders, using 2 “wide tape videotape as the carrier. Naturally, there was no Q-format camcorder at all. : mobile TV stations and cameras Format features:

1. The Q format provides high image quality (6 MHz bandwidth). Signal / noise ratio 40 dB. A complete composite video signal is recorded on tape in the SECAM standard, so no transcoding is required for broadcast playback. (Score 8)
2. The opportunities are minimal. VCRs can only be used by qualified engineers; preparing for playback requires at least five minutes of careful adjustment of the CAP modes and parameters of each of the four video heads. There is no search for an image with preview, markup editing is done in motion only.

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What affects the sound quality of digital recordings?

Soun Qualty of Digital RECORDING

My grandfather was listening to a gramophone. My father’s youth turned to music coming from the speaker of a reel-to-reel tape recorder. The heyday and decline of cassette recorders fell upon my youth. My son is growing up in the age of digital audio. To keep up to date and give my son a good “sound”, I decided to find out what determines the quality of the digital audio signal reproduction.

Digital Recording Sound Quality

I talked to my music loving friends. He did an information search on the Internet. As a result, I came to the conclusion that high-quality sound can be achieved in the digital age by choosing the right 7 basic elements of modern music centers:

the format in which the music is recorded;
player;
digital to analog converter;
amplifier;
acoustics;
cables;
food.
Below I will share my observations and conclusions on achieving high quality sound recordings in digital formats.

How can a number ring?
How can a number ring?

Lyrical digression, experts don’t need to read.

Let me explain in a few words where digital sound comes from. During the recording process, the microphone converts mechanical vibrations (the sound itself) into an analog electrical signal. An analog signal is, in the most general case, similar to a sinusoid that has been familiar to all of us since high school. In the age of analog sound, it was this signal that was recorded on various media and then played back.

With the development of microprocessor technology, it became possible to record and store audio information in digital formats. These formats are obtained through an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) process.

During the ADC, the analog signal (our high school sine wave) becomes a discrete one (in other words, it is cut into pieces). In the next stage, the discrete signal is quantized, that is, each resulting segment of the sinusoid is assigned a digital value. In the third step, the quantized signal is digitized, ie encoded in the form of a sequence of 0 and 1. With respect to digital sound recording, the information about the amplitude and frequency of the sound is digitized.

How to store good sound?
How to store good sound?

To record and store digital audio information, digital audio formats are used. The audio format is understood as a set of requirements for the digital representation of audio data.

When it comes to sound quality, digital formats are divided into 3 categories:

Formats without additional compression (CDDA, DSD, WAV, AIFF, etc.);
Lossless compressed formats (FLAC, WavPack, ADX, etc.);
Lossy compression formats (MP3, AAC, RealAudio, etc.).
High-quality sound is obtained when playing music saved in formats of the first and second category. In the formats of the third category, to reduce the amount of data, certain information is deliberately excluded. For example, information about hidden frequencies.

Latent frequencies are those that are outside the range of perception of the average person: 20 Hz – 22 kHz. For audiophiles, this range is wider due to individual psychophysiological characteristics.

To complete your home audio library, you must select records saved in files with the following extensions:

* .wav, * .dff, * .dsf, * .aif, * .aiff are uncompressed sound files;
* .mp4, * .flac, * .ape, * .wma are the most common lossless compressed audio files.
From history. They say that the first experiments on the preservation of sound were carried out by the ancient Greeks. They tried to keep the sound in amphorae. It looked something like this: they spoke words into the amphora and quickly sealed it. Unfortunately, none of those records have survived to this day.