{"id":359,"date":"2019-08-28T15:28:36","date_gmt":"2019-08-28T15:28:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/?p=359"},"modified":"2019-08-28T15:47:19","modified_gmt":"2019-08-28T15:47:19","slug":"digital-audio-beginners-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/digital-audio-beginners-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Digital Audio &#8211; Beginners guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/digital-audio-beginners-guide\/#The_Cost_of_a_High_Sampling_Rate\" >The Cost of a High Sampling Rate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/digital-audio-beginners-guide\/#4_Bit_Depth\" >4. Bit Depth<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/digital-audio-beginners-guide\/#5_Quantization_Noise\" >5. Quantization Noise<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/digital-audio-beginners-guide\/#6_Dither\" >6. Dither<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/digital-audio-beginners-guide\/#7_Latency\" >7. Latency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Cost_of_a_High_Sampling_Rate\"><\/span>The Cost of a High Sampling Rate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Although it is true that high sampling rates produce better sound quality &#8230; that comes at a price.<\/p>\n<p>That price translates into:<\/p>\n<p>Higher processing load.<br \/>\nLess number of tracks.<br \/>\nHeavier audio files.<br \/>\nSo you always give something in return. Professional studies can support higher sampling rates because they use better equipment.<\/p>\n<p>But for most home studios, people often find that the standard 48 kHz configuration is the best.<\/p>\n<p>Following\u2026<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Bit_Depth\"><\/span>4. Bit Depth<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In order to understand what bit depth is, we first have to know what bits are.<\/p>\n<p>A bit (or binary digit) is a single unit of binary code, with a value of 1 or 0.<\/p>\n<p>The more bits, the more possible combinations. For example\u2026<\/p>\n<p>As you can see in the diagram below, 4 bits allow a total of 16 combinations.<\/p>\n<p>4 bits<\/p>\n<p>When used to encode information, each of these numbers is assigned a specific value.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/15.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-362\" src=\"http:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/15-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/15-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/15-768x492.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/15-1024x656.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/15.jpg 1757w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 85vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>As the number of bits increases, the possible values \u200b\u200bgrow exponentially.<\/p>\n<p>4 Bits = 16 possible values<br \/>\n8 Bits = 256 possible values<br \/>\n16 Bits = 16,536 possible values<br \/>\n24 Bits = 16,777,215 possible values<br \/>\nWith the bit depth in the digital audio, each value is assigned a specific amplitude of the waveform.<\/p>\n<p>The greater the bit depth, the greater the volume increase between high and low &#8230; and a greater dynamic range in the recording.<\/p>\n<p>A good rule of thumb is: for every extra bit, the dynamic range increases by 6dB.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>4 Bits = 24 dB<br \/>\n8 Bits = 48 dB<br \/>\n16 Bits = 96 dB<br \/>\n24 Bits = 144 dB<br \/>\nIn the end, what this means is that\u2026 the greater the bit depth, the less noise.<\/p>\n<p>Because by adding more processing margin (or headroom), the useful signal (at the high end of the spectrum) can be recorded higher above the background noise (at the low end of the spectrum).<\/p>\n<p>small vs large bit depths<\/p>\n<p>Following\u2026<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Quantization_Noise\"><\/span>5. Quantization Noise<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Impressive that a 24-bit recording can result in almost 17 million possible values, right?<\/p>\n<p>However, that remains much less than the infinite number of possible values \u200b\u200bthat exist in an analog signal.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, in almost all samples, the actual value is somewhere between two possible values. The solution of the converter is simply to round it or &#8220;quantify&#8221; it to the nearest value.<\/p>\n<p>The resulting distortion, known as quantization noise, takes place in 2 phases of the recording process:<\/p>\n<p>at the beginning, during the A \/ D conversion, and<br \/>\nat the end, during mastering<br \/>\nWith mastering, the sampling frequency \/ bit depth of the final track is usually reduced by converting to the final digital format (CD, mp3, etc.).<\/p>\n<p>When that happens, some of the information is erased and &#8220;re-quantized&#8221;, generating more distortion in the sound.<\/p>\n<p>The most frequent solution to deal with this problem is &#8230;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Dither\"><\/span>6. Dither<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>When reducing a 24-bit file to 16 bits, the screen is used to mask much of the resulting distortion &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Adding a low level of &#8220;random noise&#8221; to the audio signal.<\/p>\n<p>As it can be difficult to visualize the concept in audio, to explain it, we usually turn to the popular analogy of the screen plot.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/improve-sound-windows-670x335.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-360\" src=\"http:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/improve-sound-windows-670x335-300x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/improve-sound-windows-670x335-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/improve-sound-windows-670x335.jpg 670w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 85vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Is that how it works:<\/p>\n<p>When a color photo is converted to black and white, a mathematical estimate is made to determine if each color pixel should be &#8220;quantized&#8221; in a black pixel, or a white one &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>As is the case when digital audio samples are quantized.<\/p>\n<p>As you can see in this picture, the \u201cbefore\u201d photo is pretty bad, right?<\/p>\n<p>dither<\/p>\n<p>But with the plot &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>a small number of white pixels are randomly distributed in black parts, and &#8230;<br \/>\na small number of black pixels are randomly distributed in white parts &#8230;<br \/>\nBy adding that \u201crandom noise\u201d to the image, the \u201cafter\u201d photo looks much better. Well, the screen in the audio works very similarly.<\/p>\n<p>Following\u2026<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Latency\"><\/span>7. Latency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The GREAT PROBLEM of current digital studies is the amount of latency that accumulates in the signal chain, especially with DAWs.<\/p>\n<p>With all the calculations that are processed, the audio signal takes time to leave the system between a few milliseconds and a few DOCENAS of milliseconds.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cda-a-mp3-655x368.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-361\" src=\"http:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cda-a-mp3-655x368-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cda-a-mp3-655x368-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/cda-a-mp3-655x368.jpg 655w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 85vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Between 0-11 ms of latency &#8211; it is short enough, so a normal person does not notice it.<br \/>\nBetween 11-22 ms &#8211; an annoying delay is heard which it is difficult to get used to.<br \/>\nMore than 22 ms &#8211; there is so much delay that it is impossible to play or sing at tempo with the track.<br \/>\nIn a normal digital signal chain there are usually 4 phases that contribute to the total latency:<\/p>\n<p>A \/ D conversion<br \/>\nDAW Buffer<br \/>\nDelay of the Plugins<br \/>\nA \/ D conversion<br \/>\nThe A \/ D and D \/ A conversion are the least harmful, contributing to total latency with less than 5 ms.<\/p>\n<p>But nevertheless\u2026<\/p>\n<p>The DAW buffer and certain plugins (including compressors and virtual instruments) can add up to 20, 30 or 40 ms or<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Cost of a High Sampling Rate Although it is true that high sampling rates produce better sound quality &#8230; that comes at a price. That price translates into: Higher processing load. Less number of tracks. Heavier audio files. So you always give something in return. Professional studies can support higher sampling rates because they &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/mp4gain.com\/mp4gain\/digital-audio-beginners-guide\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Digital Audio &#8211; Beginners guide&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[487,44,257,485,482,486,484,481,4249,6565,488],"tags":[6306,1964,2159,6367,6643,4470,6642,6577,6584,6073,6583,6640,6645,5851,5260,194,42,5331,5373,231,5357,6233,6312,5293,1875,556,6641,6169,5536,6026,5889,4075,678,5267,5262,5289,6187,5266,5269,6299,6582,6578,6579,64,6644,6580,6581,6576,2004],"class_list":["post-359","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3gp-volume-normalizer","category-aac-normalizer","category-audio-normalizer","category-avi-normalizer-2","category-flac-normalizer-2","category-flv-volume-normalizer","category-m4a-itunes-normalizer","category-mp3-normalizer-2","category-mp3gain-2","category-mp3gain-online","category-mp4-2","tag-audio-increaser","tag-audio-normalization-software","tag-audio-normalizer-2","tag-audio-volume-booster","tag-batch-increase-volume-mp3","tag-best-mp3-normalizer","tag-best-mp3-volume-normalizer-windows-10","tag-bpm-of-songs","tag-change-pitch-software","tag-decrease-mp3-volume-online","tag-fix-mp3-file","tag-how-to-normalize-mp3-files-to-play-at-the-same-volume","tag-how-to-use-mp3gain","tag-increase-audio-volume-online","tag-increase-mp3-volume","tag-mp3-gain","tag-mp3-normalizer","tag-mp3-normalizer-free","tag-mp3-normalizer-online","tag-mp3-volume-booster","tag-mp3-volume-booster-online-free","tag-mp3-volume-booster-software","tag-mp3-volume-changer","tag-mp3-volume-equalizer","tag-mp3-volume-leveling","tag-mp3-volume-normalizer","tag-mp3-volume-normalizer-android","tag-mp3-volume-normalizer-mac","tag-mp3-volume-normalizer-online","tag-mp3-volume-normalizer-windows-10","tag-mp3-volume-normalizer-windows-7","tag-mp3gain","tag-mp3gain-alternative","tag-mp3gain-clipping","tag-mp3gain-download","tag-mp3gain-full-installer","tag-mp3gain-portable","tag-mp3gain-pro","tag-mp3gain-review","tag-mp3gain-windows-10","tag-mpp3-songs","tag-music-enhancer","tag-music-pitch-changer","tag-normalize-mp3","tag-normalize-mp3-volume-audacity","tag-online-mp3-compressor","tag-pc-sound-booster-software","tag-sound-booster","tag-volume-normalizer"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Digital Audio - Beginners guide - mp4gain.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is the difference between digital audio and &quot;normal&quot; audio? 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